Are lionfish poisonous - Don’t be fooled by the exotic and angelic appearance of the common lionfish. With its scientific name Pterois meaning ‘feathered or winged’, the common lionfish gives a delicate and whimsical impression, as it floats gently through the ocean, yet hidden beneath its dainty wings, are a collection of venomous spines.

 
Lionfish Stings release a poisonous chemical into the human skin through their spine, which can affect the human body · Depending on the amount of poison .... Blue mofo drink

The red lionfish ( Pterois volitans) is a venomous coral reef fish in the family Scorpaenidae, order Scorpaeniformes. It is mainly native to the Indo-Pacific region, but has become an …Poison is ingested, inhaled, or absorbed, and venom is injected. Lionfish have eighteen spines that they use for self-defense, and each is filled with venom. They have a combination of colors that means “warning” in the animal kingdom: contrasting stripes of maroon and white. If you see a lionfish flaring its spines out, then it’s best to ...Especially when newly introduced into a new tank, fuzzy dwarf lionfish will seek shelter, and need numerous places to hide or they will be greatly stressed. Fuzzy dwarf lionfish need a temperature range of 73-84℉, a specific gravity of 1.020-1.025, a carbonate hardness of 8-12 dKH, and a pH range of 8.1-8.4.Lionfish are venomous, not poisonous, which means they deliver their toxin through needles, namely their spines. Toxin from poisonous creatures, on the other hand, must be ingested to work...Jul 31, 2023 · Venomous fish are a threat to divers across the world. In fact, more than 50% of venomous vertebrates are fish. The family Scorpaenidae includes the most venomous fish in the ocean and, next to the stingray, are responsible for the most marine envenomations annually. [1][2][3]The family is subclassified by the morphology of the venomous spines of the fish into 3 major subfamilies, the lionfish ... The Lionfish is a beautiful and interesting looking fish with long spines, flashy fins, and bright stripes. However, in nature sometimes bright and beautiful means "dangerous" and that is the case with the lionfish. Its bright colors advertise its venomous spines. The scientific name for the lionfish is Pterois.A lionfish is a venomous fish that can deliver a painful sting if it penetrates the skin. The venom is similar to cobra venom and can cause swelling, bleeding, bruising, and numbness. The web page explains how to identify, treat, and recover from a lionfish sting, as well as the complications and risks of an allergic … See moreAug 6, 2010 ... Phillipe Cousteau Jr and his team investigate how the Atlantic Ocean has been invaded by the poisonous lionfish. A few years ago they didn't ...Lionfish are beautiful but dangerous fish with venomous spines that can cause pain, infection, and allergic reactions. Learn how to avoid and treat lionfish stings, and why they are not poisonous to eat.Orchids are not poisonous to humans, dogs, cats or horses. The orchid is officially known as the Phalaenopsis orchid and also goes by the names of moth orchid and moon orchid.A lionfish is a swimming paradox. It is painted in fierce hues of orange and white but it has an almost melancholy expression. It has fearsome venomous spines sticking out of its back, but elegant ...The expansion of the lionfish in Caribbean waters is one of the greatest threats to marine ecosystems. But in the region, fishermen, divers, and chefs have teamed up to rid the reefs of the ... False! They are venomous, not poisonous, meaning injury is caused by a sting or a bite rather than an ingestion. In the case of lionfish, their sharp spines contain the venom but their body is free of it. Which leads us to the next statement…. You can’t even eat lionfish – it’s not safe, and they’re too small and bony! Mombasa Lionfish are Venomous. This species is oftentimes confused for the Antennata or Spotfin Lionfish as the two are very similar in appearance. Mombasa Lionfish can be distinguished from Antennata Lionfish by their shorter pectoral fin filaments, larger eyes, unique barring pattern on the base of the tail, and lack of the series of dark ...Lionfish Stings release a poisonous chemical into the human skin through their spine, which can affect the human body · Depending on the amount of poison ...How to keep Zebra Lionfish in an aquarium. Get some tips on how to care for Dendrochirus zebra in captivity and a list of good references for further studies. reefapp ... In case of poisoning, it is vital to have as much information as possible regarding the species/poison. Have telephone number for the poison hotline close to the aquarium.Jun 21, 2017 · Yes, lionfish are yummy, but eating them also raises a few concerns. Most notable are the long needle-sharp spines that rise from their backs and sides like tournament flags. Such spines can deliver a painful sting, from venom glandsin the fish’s fins. Fileting takes a delicate touch, to avoid pricking a finger. The yew plant is a shrub with evergreen-like leaves. Yew poisoning occurs when someone eats pieces of this plant. The plant is most poisonous in winter. The yew plant is a shrub wi...While the establishment of lionfish in the Western Atlantic is perhaps the most well-studied marine fish invasion to date, the rapidly expanding invasion in the Mediterranean is more recent and has received less attention. ... Lionfish are also defended against predators by venomous spines and have few natural predators (Ulman et al., 2021), ...Lionfish (Pterois volitans) have long, slender spines with small venom glands, and they have the least potent sting of the Scorpaenidae family. Courtesy Dee Scarr. Scorpionfish (genus Scorpaena) have shorter, thicker spines with larger venom glands than lionfish do, and they have a more potent sting. Venom and Danger to Humans. Lionfish are venomous, and their venomous spines can cause painful stings to humans. The venom can cause nausea, vomiting, and even paralysis. In extreme cases, the venom can be life-threatening. It is important to exercise caution when handling lionfish or swimming in areas where they are known to inhabit. Note that the venom delivered is variable in toxicity among different types of lionfishes; however, in all species, the venom produced is composed of ...Feb 10, 2018 ... While the spines of lionfish do contain venomous tissue, the flesh of a lionfish is not venomous or poisonous. Several Florida restaurants ...The yew plant is a shrub with evergreen-like leaves. Yew poisoning occurs when someone eats pieces of this plant. The plant is most poisonous in winter. The yew plant is a shrub wi... 6. Scorpionfish. Our final predator of lionfish is scorpionfish. Like lionfish, scorpionfish also live in the Indo-Pacific Ocean and have venomous spines that protect them from predators. In fact, lionfish and scorpionfish actually come from the same family; they are both a kind of Scorpaenidae. Zebra turkeyfish, also known as Dendrochirus zebra, is a species of lionfish belonging to the Scorpaenidae family. They are native to the South China Sea, specifically in the waters of Nha Trang Bay. The zebra turkeyfish is a small-sized fish that can grow up to 10 cm in length. They are known for their striking appearance with black and white ...These unique and dangerous features make lionfish a force to be reckoned with in the underwater world. Lionfish possess venomous spines as a defense mechanism against predators and as a means to capture prey. These spines are found along the dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins of the fish and are typically long and slender, often sporting vibrant ...Turkeyfish is another name for lionfish. Lionfish (also known as turkeyfish) have venomous spines that can be very painful. Viewed from the right angle, the ornate fins of the lionfish resemble turkey plumage. That's why 'turkeyfish' is one of the many imaginative names people use when referring to the lionfish. Depending on where you live, you ...Are Lionfish Poisonous or Venomous? Lionfish Sting Treatment. Are Lionfish Invasive and Why? How did Lionfish get to Florida? Can you Eat Lionfish? …Venomous Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois miles and P. volitans) are now established along the Southeast U.S.A. and parts of the Caribbean and pose a serious threat to reef fish communities of these regions. Lionfish are likely to invade the Gulf of Mexico and potentially South America in the near future. Introductions of lionfish were noted ...Zebra turkeyfish, also known as Dendrochirus zebra, is a species of lionfish belonging to the Scorpaenidae family. They are native to the South China Sea, specifically in the waters of Nha Trang Bay. The zebra turkeyfish is a small-sized fish that can grow up to 10 cm in length. They are known for their striking appearance with black and white ...The red lionfish ( Pterois volitans) is a venomous coral reef fish in the family Scorpaenidae, order Scorpaeniformes. It is mainly native to the Indo-Pacific region, but has become an …lionfish, (Pterois), any of several species of showy Indo-Pacific fishes of the scorpion fish family, Scorpaenidae (order Scorpaeniformes). Lionfish are noted for their venomous fin spines, which are capable of producing …Are Lionfish Poisonous or Venomous? Lionfish Sting Treatment. Are Lionfish Invasive and Why? How did Lionfish get to Florida? Can you Eat Lionfish? …Efforts at developing a market for lionfish are on-going (e.g., Ferguson and Akins, 2010), but these are hampered by popular misinformation about the toxicity of lionfish flesh. (Only the spines are venomous; the flesh is firm and tasty [Morris et al., 2011b].) Recent reports of ciguatera in large lionfish from areas with high levels of ...There are about 950 species of venomous snakes around the world, and many of them have telltale features to help you identify them as venomous. You may even be able to name them by...Clinitest tablets are used to test how much sugar (glucose) there is in a person's urine. Poisoning occurs from swallowing these tablets. Clinitest tablets are used to test how muc...The Trouble with Lionfish. Steve Gittings, Ph.D., Science Coordinator for NOAA's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. A lot has changed since lionfish were first seen in the Atlantic Ocean nearly 40 years ago. It became an unprecedented, and perhaps unstoppable invasion, but it also rallied people of many stripes to the cause of protecting ...The venom glands are located within two grooves on the spines, which would need to pierce the skin to transfer the venom to a person, says Lawlor. "We have not heard of any cases where a lionfish sting has proven to be fatal," she adds. "A sting can cause extreme pain, sweating, respiratory distress and even paralysis that can last for days. Scorpionfish, lionfish, and stonefish are all poisonous fish that live in tropical and temperate oceans, especially the Red Sea and Indian and Pacific Oceans. They have erectile spines on their ... Lionfish are harmful to coral reefs and have shown to destroy the wellbeing of other native marine life. This includes the survival of commercial fish. Lionfish love to consume herbivores and because of the depletion …Lionfish envenoming. “A 41-year-old man presented to the emergency department 20 minutes after being stung on the distal palmar surface of his right index finger by his lionfish ( Pterois volitans) while cleaning his aquarium. Almost immediately after the sting, severe pain developed, followed by nausea. The patient bathed his finger in hot ...Aug 29, 2006 ... The spines of the dorsal fin are used as a defense. The lion will not randomly sting other fish, and will most likely go out of it's way to ...Lionfish (Pterois volitans) are venomous fish most often found as aquarium pets throughout the United States. Lionfish envenomations frequently occur on the upper extremities, with pain as the predominant symptom. Immersing the injured part in warm (45 degrees C) water is considered the first and fo …Lionfish thrive in the same coastal waters that attract recreational swimmers, snorkelers, and divers. Because lionfish have ornate colors, people often swim close to have a better look. Lionfish have venomous spines and, in a defensive reaction, frequently envenomate curious humans. ... 2012), poisonous giant cane toads in Australia (Reeves ...The venomous nature of this species is substantial and a sting from the red lionfish constitutes a serious health emergency. Localized symptoms of envenomation by the red lionfish include but are not limited to, persistent, intense, throbbing, radiating, sharp pain at the site of envenomation, tingling sensations, sweatiness, and blistering.Feb 3, 2016 ... Are lionfish poisonous? ... Lion fish do not inject venom like a needle or fangs of a snake, but it's more like rubbing poison ivy in an open ...YASMEEN QURESHI: Nelson and his teammates are competing in a lionfish derby off the coast of Boca Raton, Florida. It's a competition to catch as many lionfish as possible before sunset. the boat's ...Lionfish is a kind of fish that lives in the sea. They are a very fierce fish, but also a poisonous fish. Lionfish poison is concentrated in the spines of their dorsal fins. There are poison glands on these spines, and in the poison glands there is poison. These poisons are also harmful to humans and are highly toxic. If human poisoning, light will appear pain, …The venomous nature of this species is substantial and a sting from the red lionfish constitutes a serious health emergency. Localized symptoms of envenomation by the red lionfish include but are not limited to, persistent, intense, throbbing, radiating, sharp pain at the site of envenomation, tingling sensations, sweatiness, and blistering.The eye-catching but dangerous lionfish has been grabbing headlines for years. However, there are plenty of less attractive invasive species decimating local marine ecosystems in the U.S. and ...Invasive lionfish, native to the Indian Ocean, have had a big impact on reef ecosystems in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. A new inexpensive trap may help control these voracious predators.There are about 950 species of venomous snakes around the world, and many of them have telltale features to help you identify them as venomous. You may even be able to name them by...Meet the lionfish - the poisonous and ravenous fish that is making its way across the Atlantic ocean like a slowly crawling, devastating oil spill. Rose Eveleth. Contributor. April 22, 2013.Scorpionfish, lionfish, and stonefish are all poisonous fish that live in tropical and temperate oceans, especially the Red Sea and Indian and Pacific Oceans. They have erectile spines on their ...Lionfish have venomous spines that can be very painful. Scientists are also actively studying these fish to better understand the potential threat that lionfish pose to key reef and commercial fish species. Learning more about the habits and preferences of lionfish in non-native waters also helps experts determine where to look for these ... The species has extremely venomous fin spines. All 13 dorsal fin spines, 1 pelvic fin spine and 3 anal fin spines are venomous. The pectoral and caudal fins are not toxic because they lack spines. When disturbed by a diver, the Common Lionfish often makes little effort to swim away. Instead it points its dorsal fin spines towards the intruder. Jun 21, 2017 · Yes, lionfish are yummy, but eating them also raises a few concerns. Most notable are the long needle-sharp spines that rise from their backs and sides like tournament flags. Such spines can deliver a painful sting, from venom glandsin the fish’s fins. Fileting takes a delicate touch, to avoid pricking a finger. Poisonous lionfish stings are usually serious but not life-threatening. (Foto: (Photo: CC0 Public Domain / Unsplash / David Clode)) The sting of a poisonous lionfish, though not normally life-threatening, can cause some unpleasant symptoms. That’s because lionfish have sharp spines covered by a layer of powerful venom-producing glands.Aug 17, 2022 · Poisonous lionfish stings are usually serious but not life-threatening. (Foto: (Photo: CC0 Public Domain / Unsplash / David Clode)) The sting of a poisonous lionfish, though not normally life-threatening, can cause some unpleasant symptoms. That’s because lionfish have sharp spines covered by a layer of powerful venom-producing glands. Lionfish, which have venomous spines, are a well-documented problem in Atlantic coral reefs, where the foot-long, one-pound invaders from the tropical parts of the Pacific and Indian oceans live without predators and eat other fish voraciously. What’s slowly coming into view is how deep into the ocean their invasion has spread.Feb 23, 2022 ... Lionfish are part of the scorpionfish family, and possess venomous spines which carry neurotoxins. Found in the Indo-Pacific to the ...Jun 8, 2023 · A venomous lionfish captured in Alabama waters. Lionfish are marine fish that are mainly red, brown, and white with a striped, zebralike appearance. Surveys offshore of the Alabama coast have found that lionfish tend to be most abundant at natural and artificial reefs at depths greater than 100 feet. Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans and P. miles) are the first marine teleost to have successfully invaded and become established in the Western Atlantic Ocean of the United States, Gulf of Mexico (GoM), and Caribbean Sea. Pterois volitans were first reported in the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (FGBNMS), a protected coral …Mombasa Lionfish are Venomous. This species is oftentimes confused for the Antennata or Spotfin Lionfish as the two are very similar in appearance. Mombasa Lionfish can be distinguished from Antennata Lionfish by their shorter pectoral fin filaments, larger eyes, unique barring pattern on the base of the tail, and lack of the series of dark ...Lionfish spines are venomous, not poisonous. Meaning, once the spines are removed, the rest of the fish is completely edible – and quite delicious. Not only does eating lionfish help remove these pesky fish from Florida’s waters, but it also offers a sustainable fishing alternative. Invasive lionfish ( P. volitans & P. miles) usually have 18 venomous spines in all – 13 long spines in the dorsal fin, 1 short spine in each of its pelvic fins and 3 short spines in the leading edge of the anal fin. The pectoral fins, the fins that lionfish most often fan out to their sides, and the caudal fin (the tail) do not contain any ... Lionfish – Pterois. Similarly to Scorpaena, Lionfish boast a number of poisonous spikes. However, the spikes on these guys are often elaborately colored and spread out – think underwater peacock. Lionfish don’t use their colors for show and seduction, however, but rather to stun any fish (or human) that would endanger them.Lionfish thrive in the same coastal waters that attract recreational swimmers, snorkelers, and divers. Because lionfish have ornate colors, people often swim close to have a better look. Lionfish have venomous spines and, in a defensive reaction, frequently envenomate curious humans. ... 2012), poisonous giant cane toads in Australia (Reeves ...Lionfish, Scorpionfish, and Stonefish Toxicity. Gage Rensch; Heather M. Murphy-Lavoie. Author Information and Affiliations. Last Update: July 31, 2023. Go to: Continuing Education Activity. More than …Jan 20, 2023 · What is known is that non-native species can dramatically affect native ecosystems and local fishing economies. Experts are carefully studying these invaders to better understand their role in, and potential threat to, Atlantic Ocean ecosystems. Lionfish have venomous spines that can be very painful. Scientists are also actively studying these ... Lionfish have distinctive red, white, creamy or black bands covering both their head and body as well as fan-like pectoral fins and venomous spiky fin rays. Adult lionfish may grow as large as one foot, while young lionfish may be as small as 1 inch or less. This poisonous spiky fish is predatory, hunting small fish. Jul 11, 2015 · Lionfish spines. Lionfish have an amazing defense system made up of 18 venomous spines. Have a look at my picture below which shows exactly where those 18 venomous lionfish spines are strategically positioned. You can see there are 13 spines towards the front and middle of the dorsal fin. There is 1 spine at the front (top) on each of the two ... 6. Scorpionfish. Our final predator of lionfish is scorpionfish. Like lionfish, scorpionfish also live in the Indo-Pacific Ocean and have venomous spines that protect them from predators. In fact, lionfish and scorpionfish actually come from the same family; they are both a kind of Scorpaenidae. When most individuals think of poison, they probably associate the word with toxic chemicals and skull warning labels. When most individuals think of poison, they probably associat...Lionfish are harmful to coral reefs and have shown to destroy the wellbeing of other native marine life. This includes the survival of commercial fish. Lionfish love to consume herbivores and because of the depletion …Zebra turkeyfish, also known as Dendrochirus zebra, is a species of lionfish belonging to the Scorpaenidae family. They are native to the South China Sea, specifically in the waters of Nha Trang Bay. The zebra turkeyfish is a small-sized fish that can grow up to 10 cm in length. They are known for their striking appearance with black and white ...The Lionfish has venomous spines. However, the Lionfish is not poisonous. And, there is a difference! Venom must be injected into the bloodstream to inflict ...The lionfish is covered with a stripy pattern which can be red, brown, orange, yellow, black. ... Lionfish have 13 sharp and venomous spines that can produce painful puncture wounds. Their venom causes intense pain and in the worst cases gives you a headache, vomiting, stomach pains and can stop your arms, legs, lungs and heart working properlyLionfish spines are venomous, not poisonous. Meaning, once the spines are removed, the rest of the fish is completely edible – and quite delicious. Not only does eating lionfish help remove these pesky fish from Florida’s waters, but …Invasive lionfish, native to the Indian Ocean, have had a big impact on reef ecosystems in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. A new inexpensive trap may help control these voracious predators.13. They are venomous, not poisonous. As mentioned earlier, lionfish have 18 venomous spines but are not poisonous themselves. The difference: venom is injected, poison is ingested. Once the spines are removed, all the venom is gone. Making them safe to eat! 14. Lionfish are the most sustainable fish you can eat. Simply put, eating lionfish is ...Lionfish have fins on their chests, called pectoral fins , which can be opened and closed like a fan. Lionfish use their pectoral fins to hunt for and to corner smaller fish. Additionally, lionfish have elongated needle-like spines on their backs called dorsal spines . The poisonous dorsal spines of lionfish can cause a painful sting.Mar 7, 2024 ... Lionfish are noted for their venomous fin spines, which are capable of producing painful, though rarely fatal, puncture wounds. The fishes have ...Lionfish have 18 venomous spines. Thirteen spines are found at the front of the dorsal fin, two at the front edge of each pelvic fin, and one at the front edge of the anal fin. An encounter with a lionfish can have painful consequences for people and …Feb 23, 2022 ... Lionfish are part of the scorpionfish family, and possess venomous spines which carry neurotoxins. Found in the Indo-Pacific to the ...The Lionfish is a beautiful and interesting looking fish with long spines, flashy fins, and bright stripes. However, in nature sometimes bright and beautiful means "dangerous" and that is the case with the lionfish. Its bright colors advertise its venomous spines. The scientific name for the lionfish is Pterois.The eye-catching but dangerous lionfish has been grabbing headlines for years. However, there are plenty of less attractive invasive species decimating local marine ecosystems in the U.S. and ...

Aug 25, 2020 · 2. where is the lion fish poison. As mentioned above, the lion fish is poisonous. Their venomous parts are on the dorsal fin. There are some spines on the dorsal fin of lionfish, and there are poison glands on the spines, which are the venom of lionfish. When they hunt or their lives are threatened, lionfish may release venom to paralyze prey ... . Starbuck frappuccino

are lionfish poisonous

While the lionfish is a venomous predator, once its poison spines are removed, it’s safe to eat. And it’s healthy food. High in protein, low in fat and carbohydrates. And it’s high in Omega 3 fatty acids — something your body needs to help with cell growth and hormone manufacturing. Omega 3 acids can also lower the risk of heart disease ...The dorsal- and anal-fin spines of the lionfish contain a potent venom that can administer a painful sting (Steinitz 1959). Regardless, the species is consumed in subsistence fisheries of the Pacific and is a popular aquarium fish despite its venomous spines. The dangerous nature of the spines may contribute to the fact that lionfish have few ...Lionfish are not poisonous, but they are venomous. Toxin from poisonous animals has to be ingested to have an effect. Venomous creatures inject their toxin by wounding another living being, be it fangs, spines, or stingers. Without their venomous spines, lionfish are unable to administer their venom. So what happens if you get stung?Even though the fish itself is poisonous, when killed and skinned the meat will be edible after cooking. Advertisement. More Information. Top Contributors.Apr 26, 2017 ... ... venom they often violently spike into unsuspecting divers and fisherman. Yikes! So how painful is the Lionfish sting and what happens if you ...The venomous nature of this species is substantial and a sting from the red lionfish constitutes a serious health emergency. Localized symptoms of envenomation by the red lionfish include but are not limited to, persistent, intense, throbbing, radiating, sharp pain at the site of envenomation, tingling sensations, sweatiness, and blistering.Apr 26, 2017 ... ... venom they often violently spike into unsuspecting divers and fisherman. Yikes! So how painful is the Lionfish sting and what happens if you ...While the establishment of lionfish in the Western Atlantic is perhaps the most well-studied marine fish invasion to date, the rapidly expanding invasion in the Mediterranean is more recent and has received less attention. ... Lionfish are also defended against predators by venomous spines and have few natural predators (Ulman et al., 2021), ...With their striking appearance and venomous spines, Lionfish have become quite the topic of discussion in recent years. Originally native to the Indo-Pacific region, these invasive species have taken over reefs and waters throughout the Caribbean and western Atlantic, causing damage to the ecosystem and threatening the survival of native fish …Lionfish have 18 venomous spines. Thirteen spines are found at the front of the dorsal fin, two at the front edge of each pelvic fin, and one at the front edge of the anal fin. An encounter with a lionfish can have painful consequences for people and … Don’t be fooled by the exotic and angelic appearance of the common lionfish. With its scientific name Pterois meaning ‘feathered or winged’, the common lionfish gives a delicate and whimsical impression, as it floats gently through the ocean, yet hidden beneath its dainty wings, are a collection of venomous spines. Spiny Snacking – Lionfish are actually quite healthy to eat, as long as you remove the spines! Unlike some other venomous fish (like pufferfish), the venom is only located in the spines, making safe consumption of the body of the fish quite easy. Even amateur fishermen can properly remove the venomous spines to prepare a fish for eating.Avoiding Poison Ivy - Avoiding poison ivy is often difficult because you can still get it from tools that have touched the plant. Get tips for avoiding poison ivy. Advertisement Po...Mar 18, 2023 ... Lionfish flesh is not poisonous or venomous, the FWC said. By consuming the fish, NOAA scientists believe it can be a helpful way to ...lionfish, (Pterois), any of several species of showy Indo-Pacific fishes of the scorpion fish family, Scorpaenidae (order Scorpaeniformes). Lionfish are noted for their venomous fin spines, which are capable of producing …The dorsal- and anal-fin spines of the lionfish contain a potent venom that can administer a painful sting (Steinitz 1959). Regardless, the species is consumed in subsistence fisheries of the Pacific and is a popular aquarium fish despite its venomous spines. The dangerous nature of the spines may contribute to the fact that lionfish have few ....

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