others. Baptism was seen as life-changing in that it was the start of the journey in receiving the other sacraments, with baptism specifically being the door to salvation. The context of parishes was found to have an influence on the welcome, preparation and celebration of infant baptism. In some parishes there were multiple baptisms, often weekly. John Calvin on Infant Baptism. Today, many Christians are turning back to the puritans to, “walk in the old paths,” of God’s word, and to continue to proclaim old truth that glorifies Jesus Christ. There is no new theology. In our electronic age, more and more people are looking to add electronic books (ePubs, mobi and PDF formats) to ... A baptism certificate template in the Catholic religion is a meaningful symbol. Along with the ceremony, it represents the baby or child’s new life in God. When the parents get the certificate, they may have it framed or even keep it in a scrapbook. Usually, such a document comes from the church.In this sermon, I will present a high-level defense of paedobaptism by examining the Covenant of Grace, illustrating how circumcision also symbolized faith, and ...Some Christians will baptise babies, but others believe that a person should only be baptised when they are old enough to choose for themselves. Anna visits ...This beautiful video on Baptism produced by Saint Dominic’s parish in Panama City, Florida offers exceptional insight into the reasons that we should choose to baptize our children. Using this video and the Catechism of the Catholic Church 1213-1284, we present 7 reasons to get your baby baptized.. 7 Reasons to Get Your Baby Baptized Your … For example, infant baptism is assumed in Irenaeus’ writings below (since he affirms both that regeneration happens in baptism, and also that Jesus came so even infants could be regenerated). Since he was born in a Christian home in Smyrna around the year 140, this means he was probably baptized around 140. Our Baptism schedule for 2024 is now available to download BAPTISM LEAFLET 2024. For more information on baptism for children (8-12 years old), please contact Cathedral Office. Infant Baptism. For a baby to be baptised there needs to be ‘a well founded hope’ that the child will be nourished in the knowledge and practice of the faith. Infant baptism is a perpetual reminder that infants need what baptism represents and there can be no escape from, or amelioration of, that awful fact. But baptism is after all a sacrament of grace. And therefore it means more than the fact of need. It means that by the grace of God infants may enjoy precisely and fully what baptism represents. Apr 15, 2021 · Infant baptism testifies to the grace of God in salvation: God is the one who initiates, acts and saves. Believers-only baptism testifies to our response of faith to God’s saving work in ourselves. On this view, baptism is a sign and seal of my public profession of faith in Christ Jesus. Water baptism is an ordinance or sacrament instituted by our Lord Jesus Christ, to be practiced until the end of the age, which signifies a believer’s union with Christ in his life, death, burial, and resurrection, and one’s membership in the church, God’s new covenant people. ... Views: Infant Baptism . Why I Changed My Mind About ...Baptism is a ceremony that symbolises a commitment to living a life as a Christian. ... Some are baptised as babies, while others chose to be baptised later in life.Infant-baptists often point to the “household baptisms” mentioned in Acts 16:33, 18:8, and 1 Corinthians 1:16 and argue that any infants in these households would have been baptized. However, as John Piper writes, Nowhere in Scripture is there any instance of an infant’s being baptized.The Baptism of John. This Message. About This Series. In the Great Commission, Jesus commands the church to baptize in the triune name of the Father, and of the Son, and the Holy Spirit. But before Jesus gave that command, John was baptizing people in the river Jordan. Was John’s baptism a fulfillment of the Great Commission?3. It means we are openly joining the ranks of those who believe in Christ. When you are baptized, you are visually preaching the gospel. As you stand in the water waiting to be baptized, first, you symbolize Jesus dying on the cross. Second, you symbolize Jesus buried in the tomb as you are lowered into the water.We are honored to present to you this new video. Oscar Dunlap (from Apologia Church) and Gabe Rench (from CrossPolitic) debated whether or not infants should...Sep 29, 2006 · Learn why many Christians practice infant baptism based on the Old Testament, the New Testament, and the promises of God. Explore the biblical and historical arguments for and against infant baptism and its implications for the visible church. The Early Church. Polycarp (69-155), a disciple of the Apostle John, was baptized as an infant. This enabled him to say at his martyrdom. "Eighty and six years have I served the Lord Christ" ( Martyrdom of Polycarp 9: 3). Justin Martyr (100 - 166) of the next generation states about the year 150, "Many, both men and women, who have been Christ ... Muslims do not celebrate baptism in the Christian sense. Islam challenges the authority of baptism, citing the Quran’s declaration that participation in the religion is itself the ...Home. What are the historical origins of infant baptism? The issue of baptism is one that has troubled Protestants for centuries. As we look into the history of the church the …Muslims do not celebrate baptism in the Christian sense. Islam challenges the authority of baptism, citing the Quran’s declaration that participation in the religion is itself the ...Going home with a new baby is exciting but it can be scary too. Read about the changes a newborn goes through and also see tips for proper baby care. Going home with a new baby is ...While Core Christianity holds to the view that infant baptism is Biblical, we are aware that within the family of God there are many who hold to other views on baptism and we warmly embrace them as brothers and sisters in the fellowship of the gospel. When I first began going to church as a teenager, I assumed that only Roman Catholics ...We will discuss godparents, gifts, party planning, and more! And of course, baptism is not limited just to infants. You can get baptized on your deathbed, and it is still just as wonderful and beautiful a thing. However, since Jesus tells us in the Bible, we must be baptized to enter the Kingdom of Heaven, Catholic families baptize their babies ...When I discovered the doctrines of grace at age 14 and began to talk about them to everyone who would listen, it caused dismay to my parents, peers, and church leaders who urged me to get over it and stick to the simple gospel. I was baptized as a believer by immersion at the age of 15; it was the thing to do in obedience to Christ.Baptism is a ceremony that symbolises a commitment to living a life as a Christian. ... Some are baptised as babies, while others chose to be baptised later in life.This beautiful video on Baptism produced by Saint Dominic’s parish in Panama City, Florida offers exceptional insight into the reasons that we should choose to baptize our children. Using this video and the Catechism of the Catholic Church 1213-1284, we present 7 reasons to get your baby baptized.. 7 Reasons to Get Your Baby Baptized Your …In water your Son Jesus received the baptism of John. and was anointed by the Holy Spirit as the Messiah, the Christ, to lead us from the death of sin to newness of life. We thank you, Father, for the water of baptism. In it we are buried with Christ in his death. By it we share in his resurrection.Infant baptism is the baptism of believers' little children, based on the covenant of grace, the plan of God, and the glory of God. It is a sign of God's grace, … For example, infant baptism is assumed in Irenaeus’ writings below (since he affirms both that regeneration happens in baptism, and also that Jesus came so even infants could be regenerated). Since he was born in a Christian home in Smyrna around the year 140, this means he was probably baptized around 140. Going home with a new baby is exciting but it can be scary too. Read about the changes a newborn goes through and also see tips for proper baby care. Going home with a new baby is ...Infant baptism did not become routine until the fifth and sixth centuries. Keep learning. The practices of baptism in the early church are covered in much greater detail in unit 5 of the Church History online course, taught by Everett Ferguson. You will also learn about: How the early church celebrated the Sabbath; The role of women in the ...Infant Baptism It’s probably right, therefore, to say that baptism has replaced circumcision as the mark of being part of the people of God. In the Old Testament, men were circumcised to signify membership in the old-covenant people of God, and in the New Testament men and women are baptized to signify membership in the new-covenant …Infant Baptism. Rooted in the idea that infants bear Adam’s sin (“original sin”) is the perceived need to baptize babies to free them from this “sinful nature” and “from the power of darkness” ( Cathecism …, 1994, 1250). It has also been declared that. [t]he sheer gratuitousness of the grace of salvation is particularly manifest ...While Core Christianity holds to the view that infant baptism is Biblical, we are aware that within the family of God there are many who hold to other views on baptism and we warmly embrace them as brothers and sisters in the fellowship of the gospel. When I first began going to church as a teenager, I assumed that only Roman Catholics ...Infant Baptism. The Orthodox also practice infant baptism on the basis of various texts (e.g. Matthew 19:14) which are interpreted to condone full Church membership for children. This is generally based on a confession of faith for a child by his or her godparents. The Orthodox Church baptizes infants for the same reasons and with the … Infant Baptism. Water is poured on the head of an infant held over the baptismal font of a Catholic church. In Christian religious practice, infant baptism is the baptism of young children or infants. In theological discussions, the practice is sometimes referred to as paedobaptism or pedobaptism, from the Greek pais meaning "child." There is one body and one Spirit, just as you were called to one hope when you were called; one Lord, one faith, one baptism; one God and Father of all, who is over all and through all and in all. – Ephesians 4:4-6.Jan 14, 2022 · The article argues that infant baptism is biblical and necessary based on the doctrine of original sin, the analogy of circumcision, and the practice of the early Church. It cites several biblical passages and historical sources to support its case and challenges the common objections to infant baptism. There is evidence for infant baptism in the early church. It isn’t the only practice, but the evidence suggests that infant baptism was a normal and expected practice. One specific example is found in the Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus (late 2nd to early 3rd c.). In this text a baptismal rite is described that includes infants.He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire. And when Jesus was baptized, immediately he went up from the water, and behold, the heavens were opened to him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and coming to rest on him; And they were bringing children to him that he might touch them, and the disciples rebuked them.N. I baptize thee in the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen. Then, all kneeling down, the Minister shall give thanks unto God, and say, We yield thee hearty thanks, most merciful Father, that it hath pleased thee to regenerate this Infant with thy Holy Spirit, to receive him for thine own Child by adoption, and to ... Infant baptism is a perpetual reminder that infants need what baptism represents and there can be no escape from, or amelioration of, that awful fact. But baptism is after all a sacrament of grace. And therefore it means more than the fact of need. It means that by the grace of God infants may enjoy precisely and fully what baptism represents. Under Cyprian's influence 66 bishops declared themselves in favor of infant baptism in 253. They should be baptized as early as possible ( Ep. 64, 2; see De baptismo); they receive the Holy Spirit ( Ep. 64, 3). In the crying and wailing of infants Cyprian heard the request for the grace of baptism ( Ep. 64, 6).0. First off... the practice of infant baptism as a Christian principle can be likened in the OT where infant males were circumcised. Baptism with water and circumcision are outward sings of joining into the outward kingdom of God, only. Such is a profession necessary to join a congrgation and has no eternal benefit.Writing for the Spring 2021 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review, Franceso Arduini proposes in his article “The Pandemic Origins of Child Baptism” to connect the emergence of infant baptism with the …The following will make the case for the practice of covenantal infant baptism, meaning that Christians should baptize their children as infants because Christian children are members of God’s covenant. Here is the argument in short: (1) The children of believers were members of the Abrahamic covenant. (2) The new covenant is a renewal of the ...Sep 22, 2013 · The practice of infant Baptism is an immemorial tradition of the Church. There is explicit testimony to this practice from the second century on, and it is quite possible that, from the beginning of the apostolic preaching, when whole ‘households’ received baptism; infants may also have been baptized. May 6, 1997 · Article by. John Piper. Founder & Teacher, desiringGod.org. The earliest explicit mention of infant “baptism” in the history of the church is from the African church father Tertullian, who lived from about AD 160 to about 220. He was born in Carthage, studied in Rome for a legal career, and was converted to Christianity in about 195. Oct 27, 2023 · Parents bring their babies to the waters of baptism by professing a belief in Christ on behalf of the child, and promising to raise him or her in the faith. For adults who are to be baptized,the Church also requires them to profess their faith in Christ. Because baptism confers saving grace, the earlier a person comes to baptism, the better. The CRC grounds its practice of infant baptism in a covenant theology that teaches that the children of believers are embraced by God in his covenant of grace. God …Among non-Catholic Christians infant baptism can range from being a puzzling practice to being downright heretical. Contents show 1. Rules for Baptism in the Bible 2. Infants and Original Sin 3. Infant Baptism was Passed Down 4. More on Catholic Baptism 5. Related Catholic Articles Here we discuss why infant baptism is a good thing […]Water baptism is an ordinance or sacrament instituted by our Lord Jesus Christ, to be practiced until the end of the age, which signifies a believer’s union with Christ in his life, death, burial, and resurrection, and one’s membership in the church, God’s new covenant people. ... Views: Infant Baptism . Why I Changed My Mind About ... Infant baptism was practiced nearly universally until the 16th century. 416 A.D.: Infant baptism was made compulsory by Roman Law. 16th Century: During the Protestant Reformation, some Protestant groups began to question whether infant baptism was actually Biblical. Some groups re-baptized people; others began waiting till people were adults. The command, therefore to baptize is simply a command to immerse, to effuse, or to sprinkle1. 2.0 Arguments against infant baptism 2.1 First case against Infant baptism: Infant baptism is not biblical The starting point of this debate is the view that infant baptism is without biblical foundation.The Catholic Church teaches that baptism is a sacrament that remits sin and saves the soul of the infant. It is not a condition for salvation, but a sign of it. …0. First off... the practice of infant baptism as a Christian principle can be likened in the OT where infant males were circumcised. Baptism with water and circumcision are outward sings of joining into the outward kingdom of God, only. Such is a profession necessary to join a congrgation and has no eternal benefit. The Early Church. Polycarp (69-155), a disciple of the Apostle John, was baptized as an infant. This enabled him to say at his martyrdom. "Eighty and six years have I served the Lord Christ" ( Martyrdom of Polycarp 9: 3). Justin Martyr (100 - 166) of the next generation states about the year 150, "Many, both men and women, who have been Christ ... Kevin DeYoung explains why he baptizes infants as a sign of the covenant with Abraham and the new birth in Christ. He argues from the …Toddlers often rely on rituals — but when rituals are upsetting instead of comforting, it could signal childhood OCD. Young children often rely on rituals — but when those rituals ...The Large Catechismby Martin Luther. of the Ev. Lutheran Church. XIIIA. Of Infant Baptism. Here a question occurs by which the devil through his sects, confuses the world, namely, Of Infant Baptism, whether children also believe, and are justly baptized. Concerning this we say briefly: Let the simple dismiss this question from their minds, and ...702. When the sponsors shall have presented themselves with the child (or children) the minister shall say: Dearly Beloved: The sacrament of baptism is the sign and seal of the new covenant of grace. While we do not hold that baptism imparts the regenerating grace of God, we do believe that Christian baptism signifies for this young child God ...Jul 27, 2023 ... Church history suggests that infants were baptized as part of household baptisms, a tradition mentioned in the Bible. The case of Lydia in Acts ...Infant Baptism in the Early Church. The Scriptures also demonstrate that the early Church baptized babies. In the Book of Acts, for example, St. Peter preached to the crowd: “Repent and be baptized, every one of you, in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins; and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. For the ... ANSWER: Lutherans believe that the Bible teaches that a person is saved by God’s grace alone through faith in Jesus Christ alone. The Bible tells us that such “faith comes by hearing” (Rom. 10:17). Jesus Himself commands Baptism and tells us that Baptism is water used together with the Word of God (Matt. 28:19-20). However, a practicing Catholic Godparent is still required because Infant Baptism is. essentially an extension of the faith professed and practised. Be open to discussing with your non-Catholic spouse about any reservations he/she might have, and to speak with the parish priest if you wish. 3) Both of us are non-Catholic parents but we wish to ...The arrival of a new baby is one of life’s most joyful moments. If you have friends or family who have recently become new parents, chances are you’ll want to reach out to congratu...Oct 16, 2023 ... Infant baptism facts for kids ... Infant baptism is the baptism (or "christening") of young children or infants. In theology, the practice is ..."Baptism starts that process of breaking us away from sin's power," Burton-Edwards clarifies, "but it is sanctifying grace throughout our lives that actually accomplishes it." Through the waters of baptism, we are cleansed of our sin and born into a new way of living. Whether an infant or adult, this is just the beginning. Baptizing infantsThere are so many beautiful baby names, it can be difficult for you to choose the right one for your girl. If you prefer the latest baby names over very rare baby names, take a loo...In water your Son Jesus received the baptism of John. and was anointed by the Holy Spirit as the Messiah, the Christ, to lead us from the death of sin to newness of life. We thank you, Father, for the water of baptism. In it we are buried with Christ in his death. By it we share in his resurrection.A remembering of the baptism in the form of a card or visit to the home by one of the baptism team. 8 Thanksgiving Service Held at the end of the year or around the feast of the Baptism of the Lord in early January. All the babies baptized during the year are brought by their families to a short prayer service and social. THE MOVEMENT OF … Infant baptism was practiced nearly universally until the 16th century. 416 A.D.: Infant baptism was made compulsory by Roman Law. 16th Century: During the Protestant Reformation, some Protestant groups began to question whether infant baptism was actually Biblical. Some groups re-baptized people; others began waiting till people were adults. The Catholic Church teaches that baptism is a sacrament that remits sin and saves the soul of the infant. It is not a condition for salvation, but a sign of it. The Bible teaches that baptism is for all, not just adults or older children. Fundamentalists criticize the practice of baptizing infants and claim that it is not a sacrament, but a public manifestation of conversion. The rationale behind infant baptism was simple: to guarantee salvation for the babies before they could be ripped from their parents’ arms by the merciless disease.May 29, 2018 · There is evidence for infant baptism in the early church. It isn’t the only practice, but the evidence suggests that infant baptism was a normal and expected practice. One specific example is found in the Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus (late 2nd to early 3rd c.). In this text a baptismal rite is described that includes infants. Infant baptism is a perpetual reminder that infants need what baptism represents and there can be no escape from, or amelioration of, that awful fact. But baptism is after all a sacrament of grace. And therefore it means more than the fact of need. It means that by the grace of God infants may enjoy precisely and fully what baptism represents. Christian Baptism. “Buried with him in baptism, wherein also ye are risen with him through the faith of the opera. tion of God who hath raised him from the dead.”—. Colossians 2:12. It is the firm belief of almost all Christian people that our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, before he left the earth, instituted two ordinances, namely ...An infant in danger of death is to be baptized without any delay (Code of Canon Law, c. 867 § 2). See question #1 above. 4. Can our child be baptized in a parish if we do not live within the parish boundaries? Baptism, like all of the sacraments, is a celebration of a living relationship with God and with the local believing community, the parish. Infant Baptism. George Gillespie (1613-1648) Today, many Christians are turning back to the puritans to, “walk in the old paths,” of God’s word, and to continue to proclaim old truth that glorifies Jesus Christ. There is no new theology. In our electronic age, more and more people are looking to add electronic books (ePubs, mobi and PDF ... Creating a baby gifts registry can be a daunting task. With so many options available, it can be difficult to know what items to include and how to make sure you get the best gifts...Living through some of the most impactful decades of the 20th century, baby boomers know and remember a lot! In this quiz, we'll test your IQ of things that baby boomers know and u...The Ministration of Public Baptism of Infants to be used in the church. Due notice, normally of at least a week, shall be given before a Child is brought to the church to be baptized. For every child to be baptized there shall be not fewer than three godparents, of whom at least two shall be of the same sex as the child and of whom at least one ...Write “God Bless” on a baptism cake and then the baby’s name. Consider adding a Christian Baptismal symbol such as a cross or white candle because the cross symbolizes Jesus and th...You'll never go in the womb again. There is no verse dedicated to a brother or sister shark in the megaviral children’s song “Baby Shark.” If the titular shark is a sand tiger shar... Infant Baptism and Sacramental Pastoral Practice. 25. A final criticism of infant Baptism would have it that the practice comes from a pastoral usage lacking missionary impetus and concerned more with administering a sacrament than with stirring up faith and fostering commitment to spreading the Gospel. The Reformed Paedobaptist doctrine of the “covenant of grace” is the theological basis of their doctrine of infant baptism. They correctly teach that after ...1252 The practice of infant Baptism is an immemorial tradition of the Church. There is explicit testimony to this practice from the second century on, and it is quite possible that, from the beginning of the apostolic preaching, when whole "households" received baptism, infants may also have been baptized. 53. Faith and Baptism
Roman Catholicism - Baptism, Sacraments, Faith: Baptism is the sacrament of regeneration and initiation into the church that was begun by Jesus, who accepted baptism from St. John the Baptist and also ordered the Apostles to baptize in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit (Matthew 28:19). According to the teaching of St. Paul, which …. How to decrease ping
We will discuss godparents, gifts, party planning, and more! And of course, baptism is not limited just to infants. You can get baptized on your deathbed, and it is still just as wonderful and beautiful a thing. However, since Jesus tells us in the Bible, we must be baptized to enter the Kingdom of Heaven, Catholic families baptize their babies ...Apr 15, 2021 · Infant baptism testifies to the grace of God in salvation: God is the one who initiates, acts and saves. Believers-only baptism testifies to our response of faith to God’s saving work in ourselves. On this view, baptism is a sign and seal of my public profession of faith in Christ Jesus. Infant baptism -- History -- Early church, ca. 30-600, Infant baptism -- Early church Publisher Philadelphia : Westminster Press Collection inlibrary; printdisabled; claremont_school_of_theology; internetarchivebooks Contributor Internet Archive Language English 3. It means we are openly joining the ranks of those who believe in Christ. When you are baptized, you are visually preaching the gospel. As you stand in the water waiting to be baptized, first, you symbolize Jesus dying on the cross. Second, you symbolize Jesus buried in the tomb as you are lowered into the water.While Core Christianity holds to the view that infant baptism is Biblical, we are aware that within the family of God there are many who hold to other views on baptism and we warmly embrace them as brothers and sisters in the fellowship of the gospel. When I first began going to church as a teenager, I assumed that only Roman Catholics ...This beautiful video on Baptism produced by Saint Dominic’s parish in Panama City, Florida offers exceptional insight into the reasons that we should choose to baptize our children. Using this video and the Catechism of the Catholic Church 1213-1284, we present 7 reasons to get your baby baptized.. 7 Reasons to Get Your Baby Baptized Your …Infant baptism and the disposition to saving faith. Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 October 2022. Oliver D. Crisp. Article. Metrics. Save PDF. Cite. Rights & …Our Baptism schedule for 2024 is now available to download BAPTISM LEAFLET 2024. For more information on baptism for children (8-12 years old), please contact Cathedral Office. Infant Baptism. For a baby to be baptised there needs to be ‘a well founded hope’ that the child will be nourished in the knowledge and practice of the faith.Infant baptism is a sacrament of God's grace that offers freedom, hope and family for our children. Learn how baptism is a visible means of an invisible grace that …“The practice of infant Baptism is an immemorial tradition of the Church. There is explicit testimony to this practice from the second century on, and it is quite possible that, from the beginning of the apostolic preaching, when whole “households” received baptism, infants may also have been baptized,” (Acts 16:15,33; 18:8; 1 ...Dec 4, 2017 · Covenant Theology and Infant Baptism. December 4, 2017. By Elias Ayala (M.A.T. & Mdiv) Covenant theology has been described by some theologians as a hermeneutical principle, whereby one reads the scriptures through the lens of God’s covenant workings among His people. We see as early as the book of Genesis that God establishes His covenant ... We are honored to present to you this new video. Oscar Dunlap (from Apologia Church) and Gabe Rench (from CrossPolitic) debated whether or not infants should...May 6, 1997 · Article by. John Piper. Founder & Teacher, desiringGod.org. The earliest explicit mention of infant “baptism” in the history of the church is from the African church father Tertullian, who lived from about AD 160 to about 220. He was born in Carthage, studied in Rome for a legal career, and was converted to Christianity in about 195. Few theological issues have been more divisive in church history than baptism. Yet today many Christians avoid engaging the topic of baptism altogether, and ...Learn why many Christians practice infant baptism based on the Old Testament, the New Testament, and the promises of God. Explore the biblical and historical arguments …Answer: Baptism is conferred upon infants to free them from original sin, to initiate them into the Church as Christians, and to give them the supernatural grace of God that will allow them to be formed in sanctity. Baptism is the gateway to the other sacraments, and so it prepares the child for later reception of confirmation and the Eucharist ...Write “God Bless” on a baptism cake and then the baby’s name. Consider adding a Christian Baptismal symbol such as a cross or white candle because the cross symbolizes Jesus and th...The Baptism of John. This Message. About This Series. In the Great Commission, Jesus commands the church to baptize in the triune name of the Father, and of the Son, and the Holy Spirit. But before Jesus gave that command, John was baptizing people in the river Jordan. Was John’s baptism a fulfillment of the Great Commission?Jul 27, 2022 · God promises to forgive our sins and transform our lives, and we promise to trust Jesus and follow him as Lord, Savior, and Treasure. In baptism, we publicly identify with Christ, and he publicly identifies with us. We say, “You are our God,” and God says, “You are my people.”. .