Landscaping for privacy - 40 Stunning Landscape Design Ideas Hillside Landscaping Ideas 55 Ideas for Landscaping Around a Deck or Patio Chip Wade's Top Money-Saving Yard Tips Gasp-Worthy Gardens and Outdoor Spaces 26 Drought-Tolerant Landscaping Ideas Solutions to the 30 Biggest Landscaping Mistakes

 
Jan 30, 2022 - Explore Sarah L's board "Privacy via Landscaping" on Pinterest. See more ideas about garden design, landscape design, backyard landscaping.. Mixsoon bean essence reviews

2. Inkberry, Ilex glabra. 'Inkberry, Ilex glabra, can grow a beautifully rounded broadleaf evergreen crown. If a tall shrub for privacy is your goal, avoid …A comparison of the three most common driveway layouts - straight, circular and curved - and the best applications for each. The four main considerations when determining the placement of your driveway: safety, access, drainage and aesthetics. Recommended widths for single- and double-car driveways to ensure easy accessibility.In today’s digital age, maintaining your privacy online has become increasingly challenging. With personal information readily available on the internet, protecting your data has b... When talking with a new client, landscaping for privacy is at the top of most people’s wish list. Whether the need is to screen neighbors who are a tad too close, obscure an offending garden eyesore or create a secluded courtyard in the front garden, like in the photo (left.) When it comes to gardens, people want their privacy! We've compiled a list of 55 gorgeous ways to landscape around a deck or patio, whether your goal is to plant some privacy, kick up the color with annuals or enjoy year-round color with evergreens. Here, the designers at Mom's Design Build installed a putting green next to this pretty patio geared toward entertaining. see more.Landscape in a Box is basically a jumping-off point to get you started - and inspired. Each photo in this section is named, with a link to the Plant Page about that particular plant. You may need to know more about it so you'll know how to best use it in your yard. Keep in mind that many of the plants here - in this section and throughout this ...It compliments very well with both residential and industrial fences. It provides a nice look and brings privacy to ideal applications for home, yard, tennis courts, barriers, construction sites, landscaping and concert events. They are cut-able to fit your custom length applications.Nov 27, 2023 · 5. Leyland Cypress: Best for Tall Hedges. x Hesperotropsis leylandii (previously known as x Cuprocyparis leylandii) Leyland Cypress. Photo Credit: Forest & Kim Starr / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 3.0. The popular Leyland cypress makes an excellent tall hedge or tree for privacy and tops the fast-growing wishlist. A few others that I love for creating a privacy hedge or fence line in coastal landscaping include sweet viburnum, limelight hydrangeas, and pineapple guava. Just be careful with hydrangeas, as they loose their leaves in the winter, but they’re beautiful and lush during bloom season! Southern Landscaping Color …Space your shrubs and plants slightly away from it. A curving bed of plants rather than a straight line softens the straight lines of the fence. For great visual appeal, layer the flower beds and plants along your fence. Arrange short plants in the front, medium-sized in the middle, and the tallest ones in the back.May 3, 2022 · 22. Add a pergola. (Image credit: OKA US) A pergola may well provide enough privacy in a smaller backyard. Even better, if you enjoy DIY, you can build a pergola yourself. Add some hanging baskets full of petunias, ivy, and lobelias to create even more privacy. Dec 6, 2011 · This was a great book. It had landscaping ideas for privacy and also had landscaping ideas for other things as well. This includes landscaping for noise reduction, landscaping as barriers to your property and landscaping to deter cats among other things. The title of the book should be called Landscaping For a Purpose. This was a great book. It had landscaping ideas for privacy and also had landscaping ideas for other things as well. This includes landscaping for noise reduction, landscaping as barriers to your property and landscaping to deter cats among other things. The title of the book should be called Landscaping For a …Plant Height: 3-6 feet. USDA Plant Zone: 6-12. American Beautyberry is an attractive shrub that is native to the southeastern United States. It can grow to approximately 6 feet tall, or even slightly taller in ideal conditions. This plant likes rich, moist soil in an area with a bit of shade.May 26, 2016 · For a more natural effect, install groupings of plants to create a "thicket." Stagger a few deciduous shrubs, a couple of evergreens, and a cluster of perennial grasses along the property line. "It's more attractive because it adds depth and dimension with different heights, colors and textures," says Bryson. 5. Backyard landscaping costs start at $5,000 if you're on a budget and increase to over $100,000 if you want high-end materials and luxury amenities. ... Choose translucent materials for privacy and light. Add decorative toppers and metal hardware. Backyard Landscaping Projects Above $100,000. Retreat on the River. For $120k, a Virginia …Planting a raised garden at the border of your pool fence or wall, as Barrier Reef Pools Perth did here, is a great use of backyard space. Depending on the climate you live in, you can plant tropical plants in the raised garden to make your backyard feel like a tropical getaway. Continue to 21 of 26 below. 21 of 26.Mar 12, 2024 · Jason Wilde. The go-to evergreen for lining a fence, American arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis), also known as eastern arborvitae, can live for several hundred years.Most popular varieties mature at 10 to 15 feet, much smaller than in the wild, making them perfect for year-round privacy in evergreen landscaping. 1. A Living Screen: Privacy Without the Claustrophobia You can build a living screen that provides both beauty and privacy. Whether you want to hide a …Creating privacy in your Florida landscaping is essential for a relaxing outdoor space. Strategic placement of trees, shrubs, and hedges can create natural barriers for added privacy. Trellises, pergolas, and fences can also be used to enhance privacy in your backyard.A few others that I love for creating a privacy hedge or fence line in coastal landscaping include sweet viburnum, limelight hydrangeas, and pineapple guava. Just be careful with hydrangeas, as they loose their leaves in the winter, but they’re beautiful and lush during bloom season! Southern Landscaping Color …Make a Room. This side yard has a distinct courtyard feel thanks to lush plantings around the edges. It's made even more fun thanks to geometric paving patterns and a bold focal point: a lush container garden. Test Garden Tip: Pay special attention to your side yard's floor. The paving can create as much interest as any …Walls and fences create privacy, but can be off-putting and expensive. ‘Living screens,’ methods of landscaping for privacy, provide another alternative. When creating a living privacy fence ...Emerald Green Arborvitae, Thuja Occidentalis ‘Emerald Green’. Getty. This pillar-shaped evergreen grows dense, soft, bright green foliage that is perfect for creating a privacy screen near the ...Walls and fences create privacy, but can be off-putting and expensive. ‘Living screens,’ methods of landscaping for privacy, provide another alternative. When creating a living privacy fence ...In today’s digital landscape, the need for secure data privacy has become paramount. With the increasing reliance on APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) to connect various sy...Backyard Landscaping Ideas for Privacy. Privacy in an outdoor space is important to many homeowners, but should be done with thoughtfulness, …In order to get a “level”, properly, draining patio, we had to start it at around 21” tall at the outside and end it flush by the garage doors. • The fence is the artful element in the garden. It is made of power-coated aluminum. The panels match the …The style of your patio will change depending on the activities you want it to accommodate. Find paving & decking products. Get patio landscaping ideas from thousands of patio pictures, informative articles and videos. Find patio landscape styles, designs, and makeover ideas, plus get a list of local pros to install your project.Create a low-profile moment of intimacy in a larger outdoor area by planting ornamental grasses, as in the space surrounding this cozy fire pit and Adirondack …Nov 26, 2021 · The best privacy hedges are: Cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) —Excellent flowering evergreen privacy shrub with large dark green leaves that are perfect for windbreaks and privacy screens in your yard. American arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis) —This conifer is a popular tree hedge for keeping yards secluded. By cleverly using colorful low growing indigenous plants like Texas bluebonnet and Texas purple sage, you will not only quickly establish a beautiful weather-resistant garden, but your yard will be a magnet for butterflies and birds. Top Pick. Sow Right Seeds - Texas Bluebonnet Seeds to Plant. $5.59.Here is a list of evergreen azalea shrubs: Rhododendron ‘April Rose’ —The plant Produces purple-red flowers up to 2” (5 cm) wide. Rhododendron ‘Dora Amateis’ —Enjoy clusters of white flowers on this evergreen shrub. Rhododendron ‘Blue Tit’ —A dense evergreen flowering shrub with stunning clusters of blue flowers.For instance, watering and mowing can take a large chunk of yard care time, as can weeding and pruning. And some plants have higher care needs than others to keep them looking their best. But there are solutions to have a beautiful yard and save on labor. Here are 16 low-maintenance landscaping tips to help keep your yard work to a …Apr 4, 2023 ... 'Trees are great for creating privacy and screening unwanted views,' says landscape designer Patricia Benner of Benner Landscape Design. ' ...USDA Plant Hardiness Zones: 7 to 10a. Best place to plant: For added curb appeal, plant in the front yard along property lines. Groups of three to five are perfect for privacy and windbreaks; just be sure to space trees 8 to 12 feet apart. 8. Skip cherry laurel. Photo Credit: Pixabay. Advantages: Low-maintenance.Are you concerned about your privacy when you’re working or browsing online? It’s important to keep your personal data safe when you’re using the internet. There are a few differen...Plant Types. 1. Evergreen trees. Evergreen trees make excellent privacy screens because they provide year-round coverage. Evergreens with large foliage or evergreen conifers with branches that extend to the …Horizontal Fencing. Home Consultant. When fencing goes from vertical to horizontal, it shifts from accidental to elevated—it's a choice. Install beams horizontally to create an aesthetically pleasing privacy …Mar 3, 2014 ... Richard Roccanti talks to expert nurseryman Rusty Hamrick about various trees and plants to provide screening and privacy for your landscape ...Emerald Green Arborvitae, Thuja Occidentalis ‘Emerald Green’. Getty. This pillar-shaped evergreen grows dense, soft, bright green foliage that is perfect for creating a privacy screen near the ...May 19, 2015 · 40 Stunning Landscape Design Ideas Hillside Landscaping Ideas 55 Ideas for Landscaping Around a Deck or Patio Chip Wade's Top Money-Saving Yard Tips Gasp-Worthy Gardens and Outdoor Spaces 26 Drought-Tolerant Landscaping Ideas Solutions to the 30 Biggest Landscaping Mistakes In today’s digital landscape, data privacy has become a top concern for businesses of all sizes. With the increasing amount of personal information being collected and processed, o...The key is to consider the layout from both sides – from the yard looking out and the outside looking in. From there, you can analyze your space for the appropriate feature that is best suited for your needs. …6 Challenges of Using Landscaping to Block Noise. 6.1 Trees need to be sufficiently tall and dense. 6.2 Plantings must also be located close to the source. 7 The Success of Using Sound Walls. 8 The Benefits Of Outdoor Sound Barriers. One of the most popular noise reduction strategies is clever landscaping. In essence, this is an attractive …Backyard Landscaping Ideas for Privacy. Privacy in an outdoor space is important to many homeowners, but should be done with thoughtfulness, …10. Increase the overall value of your home with a pergola. (Image credit: Lights4Fun) If you’re thinking about moving to pastures new, sprucing up your outside space is a must to add to the value of your home, and ensure a maxed-out sale price. And an on-trend pergola is a simple garden idea you can’t go wrong with.May 24, 2023 ... 3. Build a brick wall. Building a brick wall enclosing your backyard is a highly effective solution for achieving privacy. A large brick wall ...The best tropical plants for backyard privacy include birds of paradise, bougainvilleas, bamboo, ferns, palms, and several other species. They grow at a relatively rapid pace that generally encloses areas quicker and are resistant to warm climates compared to other trees, shrubs, or hedges. In this article, we …Cozy concrete paver patio. Brown Dion Design. The grouted stone wall and steps were existing, and the contractor took extra care to shape the new concrete paver patio to the stone—a nice touch. Design ideas for a small contemporary drought-tolerant, privacy and partial sun side yard concrete paver and wood fence …Space your shrubs and plants slightly away from it. A curving bed of plants rather than a straight line softens the straight lines of the fence. For great visual appeal, layer the flower beds and plants along your fence. Arrange short plants in the front, medium-sized in the middle, and the tallest ones in the back.5. Leyland Cypress: Best for Tall Hedges. x Hesperotropsis leylandii (previously known as x Cuprocyparis leylandii) Leyland Cypress. Photo Credit: Forest & Kim Starr / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 3.0. The popular Leyland cypress makes an excellent tall hedge or tree for privacy and tops the fast-growing wishlist.10. Increase the overall value of your home with a pergola. (Image credit: Lights4Fun) If you’re thinking about moving to pastures new, sprucing up your outside space is a must to add to the value of your home, and ensure a maxed-out sale price. And an on-trend pergola is a simple garden idea you can’t go wrong with.Create a low-profile moment of intimacy in a larger outdoor area by planting ornamental grasses, as in the space surrounding this cozy fire pit and Adirondack chairs. This little idyll demonstrates that just a bit of gardening can go a long way: because these seats are so close to the ground, cultivating a bit of privacy is as easy as choosing ...This was a great book. It had landscaping ideas for privacy and also had landscaping ideas for other things as well. This includes landscaping for noise reduction, landscaping as barriers to your property and landscaping to deter cats among other things. The title of the book should be called Landscaping For a …5. Leyland Cypress: Best for Tall Hedges. x Hesperotropsis leylandii (previously known as x Cuprocyparis leylandii) Leyland Cypress. Photo Credit: Forest & Kim Starr / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 3.0. The popular Leyland cypress makes an excellent tall hedge or tree for privacy and tops the fast-growing wishlist.Hire a landscape professional to cut your boxwoods into an artistic masterpiece, and you’ll enjoy wandering through your green wonderland. 7. Create a garden centerpiece. Photo Credit: frabey630 / Pixabay. Palm trees make excellent centerpieces in the yard to bring a unified look to the landscape.Published on June 9, 2015. The most obvious—and fastest—way of creating privacy is to put up a fence. Fences help keep your neighbors from seeing into your yard. They also provide a sense of enclosure and safety, …Usually a phase 1 priority, the purpose of your landscape border is to provide privacy, security and a sense of your own space in the world without using up all ...In essence, incorporating privacy into landscaping isn’t solely about isolation—it’s about enriching your living experience at home. So whether you’re an introvert …Space your shrubs and plants slightly away from it. A curving bed of plants rather than a straight line softens the straight lines of the fence. For great visual appeal, layer the flower beds and plants along your fence. Arrange short plants in the front, medium-sized in the middle, and the tallest ones in the back.A few others that I love for creating a privacy hedge or fence line in coastal landscaping include sweet viburnum, limelight hydrangeas, and pineapple guava. Just be careful with hydrangeas, as they loose their leaves in the winter, but they’re beautiful and lush during bloom season! Southern Landscaping Color …Woodland Gardens for Suburban Landscaping. Not taking "woodland gardens" quite so literally, one can also strive simply for a low-maintenance yard with an informal look. Think "diversification," so that you get something of interest in each of the four seasons of landscaping. Install flowering shrubs such as rhododendrons for spring …In today’s digital age, where our lives are increasingly intertwined with technology, it is crucial to prioritize our online privacy. One simple yet effective way to safeguard your...May 3, 2022 · 22. Add a pergola. (Image credit: OKA US) A pergola may well provide enough privacy in a smaller backyard. Even better, if you enjoy DIY, you can build a pergola yourself. Add some hanging baskets full of petunias, ivy, and lobelias to create even more privacy. The landscaping shrub grows 20 to 30 ft. (6 – 9 m) tall and up to 25 ft. (7.5 m) wide. You can plant the tall shrub to increase privacy in a backyard, grow a living fence, plant it for screening, protect a yard from wind and noise, or grow it as a shrub border. Suitable for USDA hardiness zones 7 to 10.The narrow Irish yew shrub is perfect for planting to create a vertical accent, privacy screen, tall evergreen hedge, or foundation planting. The Irish yew is a moderate grower, growing around 1 ft. (30 cm) per year. It takes about ten years for the Irish yew to reach 4 to 10 ft. (1.2 – 3 m) tall. Occasional pruning will help keep the yew ...We've compiled a list of 55 gorgeous ways to landscape around a deck or patio, whether your goal is to plant some privacy, kick up the color with annuals or enjoy year-round color with evergreens. Here, the designers at Mom's Design Build installed a putting green next to this pretty patio geared toward entertaining. see more.Planting a raised garden at the border of your pool fence or wall, as Barrier Reef Pools Perth did here, is a great use of backyard space. Depending on the climate you live in, you can plant tropical plants in the raised garden to make your backyard feel like a tropical getaway. Continue to 21 of 26 below. 21 of 26.From the moment Mark Zuckerberg announced the Metaverse, people were skeptical. Many fear that Meta’s vision for the future of virtual reality (VR) landscapes brings with it some s...4. Emerald Green Thuja (Arborvitae) Emerald green thuja is a tall and narrow tree that can grow up to 12-14 feet in height. It is a great choice for privacy screens, as it grows quickly and forms dense foliage. Emerald green thuja has soft, green needles that provide a lovely backdrop to other plants in your garden. 5. Browse landscapes and gardens. Discover new landscape designs and ideas to boost your home’s curb appeal. It is also very salt tolerant, making it a great specimen for oceanside locations. Name: Bottle Palm ( Hyophorbe lagenicaulis) Mature Size: 8 to 10 ft. tall. Light: Full to part sun. USDA Hardiness Zone: 10a to 10b. Drought Tolerance: Fairly drought tolerant, though regular watering is optimal. 02 of 17. Design ideas for a small traditional privacy and partial sun backyard gravel formal garden in Seattle. Save Photo. Greenpoint Secret Garden. Outside Space NYC Landscape Design. This is an example of a small contemporary privacy and full sun backyard landscaping in New York with decking. Save Photo. Interplanting various evergreens, from stunning Moffat Blue Juniper to compact Birds Nest Spruce, adds more variety while guaranteeing some colour and privacy ...Feb 14, 2024 · Evergreens are good for privacy screens because they stay green (and provide privacy) all year long. Thuja is a large evergreen that is commonly used for privacy hedges because it grows fast and is easy to maintain. Plant it fairly close together to create a thick privacy screen. Buy Thuja HERE .*. 6 Challenges of Using Landscaping to Block Noise. 6.1 Trees need to be sufficiently tall and dense. 6.2 Plantings must also be located close to the source. 7 The Success of Using Sound Walls. 8 The Benefits Of Outdoor Sound Barriers. One of the most popular noise reduction strategies is clever landscaping. In essence, this is an attractive …Mar 13, 2023 · For a smaller plant, try blue fescue grass . Conversely, plant selections that might go well with a brick patio (depending on the color of the bricks in question) include: Castor bean (which is a poisonous plant, so keep safety in mind) Chocolate Drop sedum. A dark-leaved ninebark. 12 of 16. Feb 23, 2024 · The Spruce / Evgeniya Vlasova. The Leyland cypress is a column-like evergreen with flat scale-like leaves. It makes a tough privacy screen or windscreen that is salt tolerant and grows best in full sun. Many new cultivars are being bred for bluer color, variegation, and more feathery foliage. Pick Drought-Tolerant Flowering Perennials. @averie_lane / Instagram. Pick from many of the drought-tolerant plants that do well in desert gardens. These include Russian sage, sedums, agastache, fountain grass, Mediterranean herbs like rosemary and lavender, and many salvias. Continue to …Read on to learn about 15 of the best shrubs for privacy. Before buying a landscape shrub, always check if a plant is invasive in your area. Visit …Plant Height: 3-6 feet. USDA Plant Zone: 6-12. American Beautyberry is an attractive shrub that is native to the southeastern United States. It can grow to approximately 6 feet tall, or even slightly taller in ideal conditions. This plant likes rich, moist soil in an area with a bit of shade.When it comes to creating a serene oasis in your front yard, trees play a crucial role. Not only do they provide shade and privacy, but they also add beauty and character to the la...

Hedge plants serve the practical function of giving privacy or security but are also decorative. Discover the best shrubs to use for hedges. ... David Beaulieu is a landscaping expert and plant photographer, with 20 years of experience. Learn more about The Spruce's Editorial Process. Updated on 09/30/22. Reviewed by.. How can i open a safe

landscaping for privacy

John Bessler. Landscaping gravel is an excellent option to keep the pool area clean, and grass clippings out of the pool. Opt for pebbles over crushed rock, and choose a light, neutral color that hides messy materials like grass clippings and small sticks better. A light color is cooler on bare feet as well.Jan 8, 2018 - Explore Max Jones's board "backyard privacy landscape", followed by 180 people on Pinterest. See more ideas about privacy landscaping, backyard, backyard landscaping.Here, a guide to building backyard landscaping and a privacy fence—whether you use a pergola or a trellis—to keep onlookers out and a peace …For a smaller plant, try blue fescue grass . Conversely, plant selections that might go well with a brick patio (depending on the color of the bricks in question) include: Castor bean (which is a poisonous plant, so keep safety in mind) Chocolate Drop sedum. A dark-leaved ninebark. 12 of 16.Besides the upright evergreens above, consider bushy evergreens such as blue hollies, cherry laurel, rhododendron, and goldthread falsecypress, and bushy ...A landscaping project can cost anywhere from $5,000 to over $100,000. When deciding on a budget keep in mind that investing in professional landscaping will greatly add to the value of your home. A general rule of thumb is to spend 10% of your home's value on landscaping. So, if you have a $400,000 house then a …Space your shrubs and plants slightly away from it. A curving bed of plants rather than a straight line softens the straight lines of the fence. For great visual appeal, layer the flower beds and plants along your fence. Arrange short plants in the front, medium-sized in the middle, and the tallest ones in the back.Sep 30, 2022 · Japanese Holly (Ilex crenata) The Spruce / David Beaulieu. Japanese holly looks more like a boxwood shrub than a holly shrub, bearing small, oval leaves. Many cultivars of this broadleaf evergreen are available. For hedge plants, most people select those that reach 3 to 4 feet in height with a similar spread. On the other hand, the screening plants help provide privacy, increase plant diversity, reduce noise, and screen elements that otherwise are unsightly, all while enhancing energy conservation. 7. A Landscaping Idea That Allows a Corner Lot to Have Lots of Grass and a Walkway with No Fences10 Ways to Block Neighbors View of Your Backyard 1. Staggered Wooden Boards. Staggered wooden boards are stained in soft shades of black, yellow, green, and red. They... 2. Hedges for …Growth rate: Fast, 2 to 3 feet per year. For a quick privacy solution, Leyland cypress is an evergreen conifer that can create a lush green screen in just a few growing seasons. This fast-growing tree can be allowed to reach its full size or kept pruned as a smaller specimen or hedge.Well-placed hedges with a height ranging from 5 to 10 feet serve as an excellent privacy screen around a pool. When landscaping around a pool, plant hedge species that do not shed a lot of needles or leaves so they don’t clog your pool filter. Consider regular hedge trimming and pruning for better growth and visuals.A comparison of the three most common driveway layouts - straight, circular and curved - and the best applications for each. The four main considerations when determining the placement of your driveway: safety, access, drainage and aesthetics. Recommended widths for single- and double-car driveways to ensure easy accessibility.The Spruce / Evgeniya Vlasova. In addition to shrubs and ornamental grasses, a popular plant choice in landscaping property lines is trees. Not only can trees offer privacy, but they can also form windbreaks. If you live in a windy area, planting a windbreak on your boundary may be eminently practical. An example of a good tree for windbreaks ...If you’re new to investing in crypto, it’s tempting to assume that safely investing in cryptocurrency is a reasonably simple task. After all, the crypto landscape was developed wit...2. Inkberry, Ilex glabra. 'Inkberry, Ilex glabra, can grow a beautifully rounded broadleaf evergreen crown. If a tall shrub for privacy is your goal, avoid named varieties, such as ‘densa’, ‘compacta’, and ‘gem box’,' explains Kathleen Connolly, ecological landscape designer and founder of Speaking of Landscapes.Here, a guide to building backyard landscaping and a privacy fence—whether you use a pergola or a trellis—to keep onlookers out and a peace …Charlie Albone, a landscape designer and presenter on the LifeStyle Channel’s Selling Houses Australia, says privacy is a common concern. ‘While people don’t mind looking on to rooftops so much, when other people’s windows are looking into your space it becomes an issue,’ says Charlie. 04 Bamboo. Fast-growing bamboo stands in a category of its own. It reaches great heights extremely quickly, delivering privacy at light speed when it is an urgent need. For those seeking a tropical feel, bamboo delivers. Use it as a backdrop to large-leafed, deep green understory species for a lush, private oasis. Rock, but no Roll. Another way to keep cars from rolling into your gardens is to use rocks in your driveway landscape. Rocks can be practical and ornamental at the same time, especially when paired with attractive plants such as these evergreens. Using a mulch of the same material unifies the look of the bed. …Plant a Privacy Screen ... Evergreen trees planted in a tight row can provide much needed privacy. ... A dense row of trees or shrubs can be a highly effective ....

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