Mla document format - Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes. Table of contents . MLA movie citation format; Citing online movies; MLA in-text citations for movies; MLA movie citation format. You build an MLA Works Cited entry by filling in the relevant elements. An MLA citation usually starts with the author’s name, but because …

 
Jun 7, 2016 · For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook. Create a works-cited-list entry for an interview as you would for any other source: follow the MLA format template. In general, treat the person being interviewed as the author. Then provide the title of the interview: Saro-Wiwa, Ken. “English Is the Hero.”. . Santa clara federal

102–07. 88–116. 2,788–856. The rules for years are a little different. If a range of years begins AD 1000 or later, MLA says to omit the first two digits of the second year if they are the same as the first two digits of the first year. Otherwise, though, you should make sure both years are written in full: 1900–07.Apr 18, 2019 · Start the citation with the title, and list the channel name in the other contributors element. In the example below, the video was both created and uploaded by the organization BBC News, so the reference starts with the title. A shortened version of the title appears in the in-text citation. MLA format. “ Title of Video .”. A sample MLA paper that follows the 2016 updates of the MLA style guide. Download the paper, learn how to cite sources, and explore other MLA resources on Purdue OWL.MLA General Paper Formatting Rules. A-State Online Writing Center. MLA 8th ... Example of a properly formatted first page MLA-style paper: Note that your ...16 Oct 2021 ... Complete guide to MLA style 9th edition document format (2024). DOWNLOAD model Word doc in MLA style: https://bit.ly/mla9thword DOWNLOAD ... Formatting Your Research Project. To learn how to set up your research project in MLA format, visit our free sample chapter on MLA Handbook Plus , the only authorized subscription-based digital resource featuring the MLA Handbook, available for unlimited simultaneous users at subscribing institutions. MLA Style Center, the only authorized Web ... Punctuation in MLA titles. Use the same punctuation as appears in the source title. However, if there is a subtitle, separate it from the main title with a colon and a space, even if different (or no) punctuation is used in the source. Example of a work with a subtitle. Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance.MLA Page Layout. For the entire paper, set all margins at 1” and double-space throughout. Each new paragraph should be indented. There should be no extra spaces ...In-text citations: Author-page style. MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number (s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the ...The MLA format makes documents easier to read, thanks to its spacing rules and indentation option. A document written in MLA format will provide the reader every little detail from an in-text citation source to author details. Let’s check out how we can use the Google Docs MLA format – How To Create An MLA Format Using Ready-Made …of how to use MLA style and includes more guidelines and examples for citing print and online resources. This guide describes the format recommended by the MLA for preparing a research paper. Examples of works cited are listed on the reverse side. A copy of the MLA Handbook is at the Reference Desk. More information about the MLA style is at ...In today’s digital age, businesses rely heavily on various software and applications to create, store, and share important documents. One such software that has stood the test of t...Revised on March 5, 2024. In MLA style, the following format is used to cite a lecture or speech. MLA format. Speaker last name, First name. “ Lecture Title .”. Course or Event Name, Day Month Year, Venue, City. MLA Works Cited entry. Dent, Gina. “Anchored to the Real: Black Literature in the Wake of Anthropology.”.General formatting guidelines in MLA. Your document should be typed in double-space, 12 pt. font. The standard font is Times New Roman. Limit or completely avoid bolding text or italicizing for emphasis as italics are used for book titles and other longer works.The fax cover sheet is faxed to the person who’s getting your facsimile document before the actual document is faxed. While a fax cover sheet is optional, the information on the co...Apr 5, 2022 · To use an MLA format template, do the following: Open a new blank Microsoft Word document. Click File from the ribbon. Type MLA format and click the MLA Style Paper template in the Search field. A ... Format: Author. "Title of Classroom Material." Course Code, taught by Instructor. D2L, UMGC, date, URL. “Week 1 - All About Myth.” HUMN 351 6863, taught by Robert McMillan. D2L, UMGC, 2020, learn.umgc.edu. Course reading not authored by UMGC. See the appropriate section depending on the format of the reading: …MLA formatting refers to the writing style guide produced by the Modern Language Association. If you’re taking a class in the liberal arts, you usually have to follow this format w... Formatting Your Research Project. To learn how to set up your research project in MLA format, visit our free sample chapter on MLA Handbook Plus , the only authorized subscription-based digital resource featuring the MLA Handbook, available for unlimited simultaneous users at subscribing institutions. MLA Style Center, the only authorized Web ... Leave margins of one inch at the top and bottom and on both sides of the text. If you use Microsoft Word, one-inch margins may be the default setting for new documents, but you can verify the margins setting by clicking the Layout tab and then the Margins button in your document. See section 1.4, fig. 1.3, for margins used with a running head.Document Format. Make sure that you have formatted your document as required for the writing task. If you are writing an essay in MLA or APA style, make sure that you have checked for the correct margins, header, first page heading, cover page if required, page numbering, spacing, and other formatting details. If you are writing for the web ...Le format MLA est le deuxième style de citation le plus utilisé (après les normes APA ). Il est principalement utilisé par les étudiants et les chercheurs dans le domaine des sciences humaines tels que la …Create a works-cited-list entry for an interview as you would for any other source: follow the MLA format template. In general, treat the person being interviewed as the author. Then provide the title of the interview: Saro-Wiwa, Ken. “English Is the Hero.”. No Condition Is Permanent: Nigerian Writing and the Struggle for Democracy, edited ... To create an in-text MLA citation, you typically include the author’s last name and the page number of the work being cited in parentheses right after the reference. The citation’s contents will change a little depending on factors like multiple authors and if a source is audiovisual or online, but they'll all follow the same general format. In the Modern Language Association (MLA) format, you briefly identify your sources in the text of your paper, then provide the full information in the Works ...In your MLA Works Cited list, dates are always written in day-month-year order, with the month abbreviated if it’s five or more letters long, e.g. 5 Mar. 2018. In the main text, you’re free to use either day-month-year or month-day-year order, as long as you use one or the other consistently. Don’t abbreviate months in the main text, and ...If you're citing a book in MLA format with two or three authors, use the examples below to format your citation: Bringham, Darrin E., and Sally Knope. Resting Heartbeat Science. 12th ed., Wiley, 2001. Christopherson, Charles, Ronald Swanson, and Roger Koltz. Fog Pirates: On Board the USS Hammerhead.Choisissez « 2,0 » ou « 2 ». 3. Quant à la taille, il faut une police 12 points. Le plus souvent, les travaux selon la norme MLA sont tapés en Times New Roman 12 points. Cette police n'est pas imposée. Si vous en préférez une autre, choisissez-en une qui soit simple, facile à lire et pas trop large.MLA is a parenthetical style of citation, meaning that source information is placed in parentheses (brackets) following a direct quotation, a summary of ideas, or a statement of facts. MLA citations normally include the author's surname and a page number. It is not always easy to know what needs to be cited: try to keep in mind the following ...Learn how to format your paper and cite your sources in MLA style. Find basic guidelines, examples, resources, and tips for writing an MLA style paper.Le format MLA d’une référence en bibliographie doit contenir neuf éléments de base. Auteur. « Titre du document. » Titre de l’ensemble, autres contributeurs, version, numéro, maison d’édition, date de publication, localisation. N’incluez que les éléments qui sont pertinents pour le type de source que vous citez.MLA 9th edition formatting basics. Before we move to the specifics of the MLA paper format, there are some basic rules you should follow throughout your academic paper. Here are the basics of paper formatting under MLA 9: Use standard-size (8 ½ ” x 11”) paper across your document. Maintain a one-inch margin on all sides. Congratulations to the students whose essays were selected for the 2023 edition of Writing with MLA Style! Essays were selected as examples of excellent student writing that use MLA style for citing sources. Essays have been lightly edited. If your institution subscribes to MLA Handbook Plus, you can access annotated versions of the essays selected … The MLA Handbook 9th Edition provides guidance for formatting your paper.Please refer to pages 1-14 of the manual for more formatting information. Margins: Please use 2.54-cm (1-in) margins on all sides, including top, bottom, left and right. Font: MLA recommends. using an easily readable font, such as Times New Roman, as one option.Sizing … The MLA Style Center offers free online resources on MLA style, including an interactive MLA format template, answers to common questions on Ask the MLA, advice from the MLA editors, and more. Get updates by signing up for The Source newsletter, and follow us on Twitter @MLAstyle. MLA Format Guidelines. Font. Must be legible (e.g. Times New Roman) at 12 point size. Margins. 1" margins on all sides. Page Numbers. Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your ...May 12, 2020 · To set up MLA in Google Docs using this template: Open a new document and select File > New > From template . The template gallery will open in a separate browser tab. Scroll down to the Education section and select Report MLA Add-on . There are also templates for other academic styles such as APA. To create an in-text MLA citation, you typically include the author’s last name and the page number of the work being cited in parentheses right after the reference. The citation’s contents will change a little depending on factors like multiple authors and if a source is audiovisual or online, but they'll all follow the same general format. MLA 9th edition formatting basics. Before we move to the specifics of the MLA paper format, there are some basic rules you should follow throughout your academic paper. Here are the basics of paper formatting under MLA 9: Use standard-size (8 ½ ” x 11”) paper across your document. Maintain a one-inch margin on all sides.How to Format Your MLA Cover Page: This page is double spaced and the letters are centered. Font: Times New Roman; Font size: 12; The first letter of each word should be capitalized with the exception of very short words such as: the, and, of, or, a, an, in, to, for. Note: the first letter of the first word should be capitalized, regardless of what …To cite a song you accessed in a physical format (e.g. CD, vinyl), include details about the album (or single, EP, etc.) it appears on: the title, distributor, year, and, optionally, the format (e.g. “CD”). This format also applies to songs you downloaded and accessed through a media player (e.g. iTunes). MLA format. Author Last name, First ...This guide is based on the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 9th ed. and provides selected citation examples for common types of sources. For more detailed information, please consult the full manual: available in print and online . Graduate students and professional writers might also need to consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide ... Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. It should have the same one-inch margins and last name, page number header as the rest of your paper. Label the page Works Cited (do not italicize the words Works Cited or put them in quotation marks) and center the words Works Cited at the top of the page. Use the following directions to format your Works Cited document in MLA format. Also, check out our MLA 9th ed. sample paper. You can also review section 1.6: Placement of the List of Works Cited in the online MLA Handbook. After completing your paper, click the "Insert" tab and choose "Blank Page" to add a new page to your document. Your ...An MLA in-text citation includes the author’s last name and a page number—no year. When there are two authors, APA Style separates their names with an ampersand (&), while MLA uses “and.”. For three or more authors, both styles list the first author followed by “ et al. ”. APA.Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. It should have the same one-inch margins and last name, page number header as the rest of your paper. Label the page Works Cited (do not italicize the words Works Cited or put them in quotation marks) and center the words Works Cited at the top of the page.Choisissez « 2,0 » ou « 2 ». 3. Quant à la taille, il faut une police 12 points. Le plus souvent, les travaux selon la norme MLA sont tapés en Times New Roman 12 points. Cette police n'est pas imposée. Si vous en préférez une autre, choisissez-en une qui soit simple, facile à lire et pas trop large.Leave margins of one inch at the top and bottom and on both sides of the text. If you use Microsoft Word, one-inch margins may be the default setting for new documents, but you can verify the margins setting by clicking the Layout tab and then the Margins button in your document. See section 1.4, fig. 1.3, for margins used with a running head.Updated for 2024. Generate accurate citations in MLA format automatically, with MyBib! 😕 What is an MLA Citation Generator? An MLA citation generator is a software tool designed to automatically create academic citations in the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation format.General paper formatting. MLA heading format & title page instructions. Running head & page numbers. Quotations. Paraphrases. Abbreviations. Numbers (includes the use of numbers in MLA outline format) Images, tables, and musical scores. Lists. MLA works cited format. Learn how to use MLA format to document sources, set up your paper, and improve your writing and teaching. Find guides, templates, examples, tips, and answers to common questions about MLA style. MLA Format Sub-headings. by Stephen. on February 20, 2012. If you would like to utilize subheadings (subtitles) in your research paper, it is a good idea to first check with your instructor to be 100% sure what subheading format he/she would like you to use. Depending on how long your paper is, you will need either one level subheadings …MLA format is in its 9th edition, and Chicago style is all the way to its 17th edition! We keep track of each citation style’s changes for you, so you can always be sure you’re up to date without having to buy those pricey manuals. Be Accurate. Our Citation Generator is verified by experts and PhDs alike to be accurate, so you can focus on sharing your unique …Feeling a bit overwhelmed by the lengthy list of formatting, content and referencing requirements of MLA 9th edition? Our free MLA student paper template makes it easy by taking care of all the finer details, right out of the box.. This MLA template includes all the core sections typically required for a paper formatted using MLA 9th edition. Here’s an overview of what’s covered in …The fax cover sheet is faxed to the person who’s getting your facsimile document before the actual document is faxed. While a fax cover sheet is optional, the information on the co... at the end of the document, as an endnote. citations; MLA footnotes and MLA Endnotes MLA discourages the use of footnotes and endnotes for lengthy asides, but does have rules in the event that these notes are needed. To format a footnote or endnote, add a superscript number following the sentence that requires either explanation or citation. MLA stands for the Modern Language Association, and its style guidelines have been assisting authors since 1951. In 2016, the MLA Handbook introduced a template using core elements in an effort to simplify much of the documentation process in MLA format. In 2021, the ninth edition was expanded with considerably more content and visuals. MLA Formatting: The BasicsLearn how to format your academic paper in MLA style with this quick guide. Download a free template and get tips on headings, citations, tables, figures and more. See moreIn MLA format, the works cited page is a separate page at the end of your document that lists all the sources you have cited in your paper. It provides readers with the necessary information to locate and reference the sources. Creating a works cited page in MLA format involves following specific guidelines. Here’s how you can create a works …Font : Your paper should be written in 12-point text. Whichever font you choose, MLA requires that regular and italicized text be easily distinguishable from each other. Times and Times New Roman are often recommended. Line Spacing : All text in your paper should be double-spaced. Margins : All page margins (top, bottom, left, and right) should ...MLA stands for the Modern Language Association. The MLA style uses the author-page format for in-text citations, and lists full details for citations in a works cited list. The default font used in MLA style is usually Times New Roman, 12–point font. The margins on each side of the paper are set to one inch.D’après Dupont et Durand, le format MLA est le deuxième style de citation le plus populaire (17-19). Les normes APA sont de loin « le style de citation le plus utilisé en France » (Dupont 74), mais il est moins dominant …Use standard 8.5 x 11 inch paper for your Business letter. Use a legible font, such as Times New Roman or Arial, and a font size of 12. Use 1-inch margins on all sides of the page. Include a header with your name, instructor’s name, course title, and date in the upper left-hand corner of the first page. Use block format, meaning all text is ...It’s easy to make an MLA format Works Cited list. You can use an MLA format generator such as the one provided by TypeCite to build the individual citations. Then use the following guidelines to format your list. First, start a new page at the end of your document, after any endnotes, and place the title, “Works Cited,” one inch from the ...In an MLA in-text citation, you may name the author either in parentheses or in the main text. When there are two authors, simply cite both surnames, separated by “and”. When there are three or more authors, cite the first author’s surname followed by “et al.” if the citation appears in parentheses.In a world where the preferred document format is PDF, reference articles can also be found in this format. Since citations are purely based on the source type, you must check if it is a PDF book, article, or report so it can be cited accordingly. Besides citing multiple sources in various writing styles, you might have to cite PDF in MLA. You ...APA formatting is a common style of writing used in academic and professional settings. It is often used for research papers, journal articles, and other documents. The first step ...How to cite documentary in MLA. To cite a documentary in a reference entry in MLA style 9th edition include the following elements: Contributor (s) name, label: Start with the action of the key contributor (Directed by, Performed by, Produced by, etc.), follow with the name. Title of the documentary: Titles are italicized when independent.To use an MLA format template, do the following: Open a new blank Microsoft Word document. Click File from the ribbon. Type MLA format and click the MLA Style Paper template in the Search field. A ...Start the citation with the title, and list the channel name in the other contributors element. In the example below, the video was both created and uploaded by the organization BBC News, so the reference starts with the title. A shortened version of the title appears in the in-text citation. MLA format. “ Title of Video .”. General MLA Formatting Rules. Font : Your paper should be written in 12-point text. Whichever font you choose, MLA requires that regular and italicized text be easily distinguishable from each other. Times and Times New Roman are often recommended. Line Spacing : All text in your paper should be double-spaced. Step 2: Set the Margins. Change the document margins to 1 inch on all sides. Go to the ‘File’ menu, select ‘Page setup,’ and a new window will pop up. Here, you will see fields for the margins. Make sure all of them (top, bottom, left, and right) are set to 1 inch, which is the standard for MLA format.In your MLA Works Cited list, dates are always written in day-month-year order, with the month abbreviated if it’s five or more letters long, e.g. 5 Mar. 2018. In the main text, you’re free to use either day-month-year or month-day-year order, as long as you use one or the other consistently. Don’t abbreviate months in the main text, and ...When writing in MLA format, use block quotes for quotes that are more than four lines long by introducing the quote with a colon and indenting the entire quote 1 inch from the left...Formatting your paper in MLA style can feel like a pretty daunting task. In this post, we’ll show you exactly how to set up your paper for MLA (9th edition), as quickly and easily as possible. We’ll also share our popular free MLA template, to help you fast-track your writing. Overview: MLA 9th Edition Formatting. Structure and layout.In today’s digital age, document formatting and compatibility have become crucial factors in effective communication. Microsoft Word’s .docx format has emerged as one of the most w...Learning Objectives. Describe overall MLA document formatting, including page layout. Overall Structure of an MLA Paper. One purpose of using MLA format is to streamline the writing process and establish a consistent and uniform way of presenting the material.How to MLA Format a Google Doc (Step-by-Step) · Step 1: Apply One-Inch Margins · Step 2: Change the Font and Size · Step 3: Insert a Header · Step 4: Ch...General paper formatting. MLA heading format & title page instructions. Running head & page numbers. Quotations. Paraphrases. Abbreviations. Numbers (includes the use of numbers in MLA outline format) Images, tables, and musical scores. Lists. MLA works cited format.Comment citer selon MLA (8 e éd.) automatiquement en ligne. Afin de créer des références selon un style bibliographique, on doit souvent consacrer beaucoup de temps à l’apprentissage de règles et de normes, à une analyse détaillée d’exemples de références et de citations, ce qui entraîne inévitablement la perte de plusieurs heures de votre loisir.Print newspapers include a page number instead.) Note that sources can (and often do), include more than one container. This guide includes information about many details of the MLA works-cited format. If you remember these three basic parts, you can apply them to create a citation for just about any type of source.The example below is for a standalone edition of Hamlet. If you cite multiple Shakespeare plays in your paper, replace the author’s name with an abbreviation of the play title in your in-text citation. MLA format. Shakespeare, William. Play Title. Edited by Editor first name Last name, Publisher, Year. MLA Works Cited entry. Shakespeare, William.MLA Format Guidelines. The following guidelines for MLA format use traditional academic standards outlined in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed. (New York: MLA, 2003). Because the current edition of the handbook (8th ed.) does not cover manuscript formatting, most academics default to these guidelines.It’s easy to make an MLA format Works Cited list. You can use an MLA format generator such as the one provided by TypeCite to build the individual citations. Then use the following guidelines to format your list. First, start a new page at the end of your document, after any endnotes, and place the title, “Works Cited,” one inch from the ...In-Text Citations: An Overview. In-text citations are brief, unobtrusive references that direct readers to the works-cited-list entries for the sources you consulted and, where relevant, to the location in the source being cited. An in-text citation begins with the shortest piece of information that di­rects your reader to the entry in the ...Use a hanging indention, indenting each character's lines after the first an additional .25 inches (0.64 cm) from the left margin. As with all blockquotes, indent the first line with the character's name .5 inches (1.3 cm) from the left margin. 4. Use blockquote format when quoting more than one paragraph.

To use an MLA format template, do the following: Open a new blank Microsoft Word document. Click File from the ribbon. Type MLA format and click the MLA Style Paper template in the Search field. A .... Auckland war memorial museum

mla document format

How to cite in MLA format. MLA is one of the most common citation styles used by students and academics. This quick guide explains how to cite sources according to the 9th edition (the most recent) of the MLA Handbook.You can also use Scribbr’s free citation generator to automatically generate references and in-text citations.. An MLA citation …How To Format Bibliographical Information In MLA Format It is important to use a legible font like Times New Roman or Arial in 12-point size to format bibliographical information in MLA format. Consistency is key, so maintain the same font size and style throughout the document, including headings and subheadings.APA formatting is a common style of writing used in academic and professional settings. It is often used for research papers, journal articles, and other documents. The first step ...To cite a PDF in MLA, identify what type of the work it is, and then cite accordingly. If the work cannot be cited by type, then it should be cited following the digital file guide... Do not use a period after your title or after any heading in the paper (e.g., Works Cited). Begin your text on a new, double-spaced line after the title, indenting the first line of the paragraph half an inch from the left margin. Fig. 1. The top of the first page of a research paper. The MLA format provides a uniform framework for consistency across a scholarly document, and caters to a large variety of sources. So, whether you are citing a website, an article, or even a podcast, the style guide outlines everything you need to know to correctly format all of your MLA citations.* The style also provides specific guidelines ...5 Dec 2023 ... This font is widely requested in academic writing as it provides clear and readable text. Additionally, every MLA paper should be double-spaced, ...Nov 13, 2023 · MLA has rules for formatting your research paper. Your paper should have: An easily readable font (most professors prefer Times New Roman) 11-13 point size (most professors prefer 12 point font) Double spacing. 1-inch margins. 1/2-inch indent on the first line of each paragraph in the body of your paper. Hanging indent on each Works Cited citation. MLA General Format MLA Formatting and Style Guide; MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics; MLA Formatting Lists MLA Formatting Quotations; MLA Endnotes and Footnotes; MLA Works Cited Page: Basic Format; MLA Works Cited Page: Books; MLA Works Cited Page: Periodicals; MLA Works Cited: Electronic Sources (Web Publications) MLA Works … How to cite in MLA format. MLA is one of the most common citation styles used by students and academics. This quick guide explains how to cite sources according to the 9th edition (the most recent) of the MLA Handbook. You can also use Scribbr’s free citation generator to automatically generate references and in-text citations. An MLA ... In a world where the preferred document format is PDF, reference articles can also be found in this format. Since citations are purely based on the source type, you must check if it is a PDF book, article, or report so it can be cited accordingly. Besides citing multiple sources in various writing styles, you might have to cite PDF in MLA. You ...Based on the MLA Handbook, 9th Edition, 2021. MLA Document Formatting Videos on how to format your paper in MLA style using Microsoft Word, including how to do hanging indents for your works cited list. Need More Help? For further guidance on MLA citations, please visit The MLA Style Center.In today’s digital age, the need to convert a Word document to a PDF format has become increasingly common. One of the primary benefits of converting a Word document to PDF is that...How to Easily Create MLA Citations Create your own MLA style citations with the free Scribbr MLA Citation Generator It’s the easiest and most reliable tool for creating and managing your MLA Works Cited list and in-text citations, based on the most recent 9th edition MLA format requirements.General MLA Formatting Rules Font: Your paper should be written in 12-point text. Whichever font you choose, MLA requires Whichever font you choose, MLA requires Overall Structure of an MLA Paper Your MLA paper should include the following basic elements: Body Works Cited Sample Paper Visit the Modern Language Association website to see an example of a student …Addresses the MLA Style formatting requirements for citing secondary sources within the text of your essay. Offers a few basic rules for using parenthetical citations, including when not to use them. Includes examples of in-text citations. Explains the author-page formatting of the parenthetical citation and how that applies to different types ...The APA style mandates short citations in-text and a reference list at the end of the document. In-text citations are presented in an author-date format, e.g. (Suliman, 2018). The reference list contains the author, year, title, and source of the cited works, at a minimum. It does not contain any references that were not cited in the paper.How to cite documentary in MLA. To cite a documentary in a reference entry in MLA style 9th edition include the following elements: Contributor (s) name, label: Start with the action of the key contributor (Directed by, Performed by, Produced by, etc.), follow with the name. Title of the documentary: Titles are italicized when independent..

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