Step #2: Stop Groundwater. Above-average rainfall, and the area’s clay soil means basements are often exposed to wet conditions. Eliminating groundwater helps to stop musty odors in their tracks. Work outside to improve grading so water flows away, rather than towards your foundation. An interior drainage system and a sump pump are …Mold is a fungus that, depending on the kind of mold it is, can be very dangerous to your health. It can be found in all areas of a home including mold on brick in basements, mold on a brick fireplace, mold on interior brick walls, etc. Mold development begins in dark, damp areas of a building – anywhere there is water, there can be mold.Story by Jack Picone. • 6h • 8 min read. 7 steps to remove mold and prevent future growth – the best cleaning techniques and how to create an inhospitable environment for mold.Nov 22, 2023 · Pour your water-based solution of choice into a spray bottle. Spray the solution across the entire mold-affected area. Use a microfiber cloth or towel to wipe away the sprayed solution and the accompanying mold. If any mold remains after the initial wiping, spray more of the solution and let it sit for 30 minutes. Apr 16, 2019 ... Shane explains what causes mold growth, how mold can impact your health, the effects of mold on your home's structure and how to to prevent ...Mold in your basement is a type of fungus that thrives in damp, dark areas. It primarily feeds on organic material such as wood, paper-based items like cardboard, and even certain insulations. Mold can take various forms and colors—ranging from black, green, and white to gray—and is often accompanied by a unique, musty smell.How to Remove Basement Ceiling Mold. You can remove basement ceiling mold in just a few steps if done properly. Remove the source of moisture from the basement ceiling.If you’ve noticed a leak, or an increase in humidity in your basement, it is crucial to remove this moisture source as soon as you possibly can.; A dehumidifier can tackle an increase …Finished basements can be wonderful spaces, but musty smells will ruin them fast. One of the most common reasons for musty basement smells is moisture beneath the finished floor, causing mold and mildew to grow. Basement subfloor panels were invented to solve this problem.Black mold on carpet is caused by dry air, high humidity, and moisture. As the spores start to grow in humid conditions, they become active and begin to reproduce. Mold will thrive due to these conditions, which can be found in your basement or other low-lying areas of your home.Renting a semi basement in Queens can be a great way to get more space for your family or business. With its proximity to New York City and its many attractions, Queens is an ideal... House mold affects your health. According to Total Health magazine, household mold growth is accelerated by warmth and high humidity - especially in the basement and crawl space. Mold spores can affect a home's inhabitants through inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact, causing a runny nose, watery eyes, mild allergic reactions, a scratchy ... Are you in the market for a new home? If so, you may have come across listings for 3 bedroom houses with basements. One of the main advantages of purchasing a 3 bedroom house with ...The most likely result of eating moldy fruit is absolutely nothing unless the person eating the mold is allergic. However, while the majority of molds are not dangerous, moldy frui...Basement water issues can be a homeowner’s nightmare. Not only can they cause damage to your property, but they can also lead to mold growth and compromise the structural integrity...Feb 3, 2017 · White stains on a basement wall (called efflorescence) is a sign of water or moisture intrusion. Avoid future mold problems with these preventative measures: Keep an eye out for plumbing leaks and fix them right away. Mold spores can grow and multiply in just 24 to 48 hours where there’s moisture. Clean mold stains and remove moldy items. Call 1-Tom-Plumber. Don’t hesitate to contact us here or call us at 1-Tom-Plumber (1-866-758-6237) if you need help inspecting your basement (or home) for mold, leaks, and excessive moisture. 1-Tom-Plumber’s certified team of plumbers and drain technicians respond immediately to any emergency plumbing, drain cleaning, or water …Mold growth in your basement can become a serious issue, causing damage to your property and potentially affecting your health. Several factors can contribute to the development of mold in basements. Understanding these factors will help you prevent mold growth and maintain a safe living environment. Moisture is one of the main …To kill mold with vinegar, pour undiluted vinegar into a spray bottle and spray the moldy area directly. Allow the vinegar to sit for up to one hour. Wipe the area clean with a damp towel and allow the wood to air dry. The smell of vinegar will linger on the wood for several hours but will dissipate naturally.Jul 30, 2019 ... It's essential that you determine the cause of the mold. If it is routine flooding, you'll need to waterproof the basement to manage and expel ... A common misconception is that you can successfully remove mold with chlorine bleach. Chlorine bleach is extremely effective at killing bacteria, but not mold. Bleach is composed of chlorine (4%) and water (96%). The chlorine will not penetrate any surface; it will possibly only kill what is on the affected surface. Learn the causes and solutions for mold and mildew odor in your basement. Follow four steps to find and fix leaks, lower humidity, clean up mold, and neutralize the smell.Worsening of asthma. Coughing. Wheezing. Nasal congestion. Sneezing. Sore throat. Rhinitis. However, the impact of basement mold can reach far beyond these symptoms. Indoor Environment Health ...5. Scrub Non-Porous Surfaces. Mold can grow on non-organic basement surfaces without permeating materials. However, you still have to eradicate it to prevent it from spreading. Kill small areas of mold by scrubbing with bleach and water, undiluted vinegar or hydrogen peroxide. Clean all adjacent surfaces too.Dec 30, 2021 ... According to the EPA, mild detergent will work to wash away mold, including the dirt and dust mold is living on. Removing dirt and dust will go ...To kill mold with vinegar, pour undiluted vinegar into a spray bottle and spray the moldy area directly. Allow the vinegar to sit for up to one hour. Wipe the area clean with a damp towel and allow the wood to air dry. The smell of vinegar will linger on the wood for several hours but will dissipate naturally.Aug 21, 2018 · To do this, wrap cold surfaces like basement pipes with insulation. To make windows air tight, use a sealant around them. You can also increase the temperature in your basement. Humidity, which is the main cause of mold growth, should be kept as low as possible in your basement—preferably, below 60 per cent. Mold growth in your basement can become a serious issue, causing damage to your property and potentially affecting your health. Several factors can contribute to the development of mold in basements. Understanding these factors will help you prevent mold growth and maintain a safe living environment. Moisture is one of the main …Mold is found both indoors and outdoors. Mold can enter your home through open doorways, windows, vents, and heating and air conditioning systems. Mold in the air outside can also attach itself to clothing, shoes, and pets can and be carried indoors. When mold spores drop on places where there is excessive moisture, such as where leakage may ...Learn the causes and solutions for mold and mildew odor in your basement. Follow four steps to find and fix leaks, lower humidity, clean up mold, and neutralize the smell.Semi-basement, poverty, social issues, young woman, depression, singleness, loneliness, mold. of 3. Browse Getty Images' premium collection of high-quality, authentic Moldy Basement stock photos, royalty-free images, and pictures. Moldy Basement stock photos are available in a variety of sizes and formats to fit your needs.Use a soft brush and work until signs of the mold disappear. After scrubbing the surfaces, allow the bleach solution to continue to penetrate the surfaces and dry. Wipe off, but DO NOT RINSE these surfaces. Set trim in direct sunlight to dry. Scrub concrete with TSP or automatic dishwasher detergent.The combination of baking soda and vinegar has been known to effectively combat mold on clothes. A teaspoon of baking soda with a cup or two of vinegar removes mold and the musty smell. Add this mixture to your washing cycle or soak the clothes in white vinegar for an hour.Consider not using carpet in rooms or areas like bathrooms or basements that may have a lot of moisture. How do you get the molds out of buildings, including ...Types of White Mold in Basement Environments. Many types of mold can appear white in color, depending on the type of material on which they are growing, including aspergillus, cladosporium, and penicillium (penicillium …The Cemetery Lyrics. About “Moldy Basement Tapes”. This release of surreal, dream haunted songs contains the first miserable moans of Lonesome Wyatt. All of the songs were written and recorded ...Leave bleach, borax, and essential oils on the mold for 10 to 15 minutes undisturbed. Wipe: Use paper towels to wipe away pieces of the mold and throw them in …Basement mold smells musty. That smell is the first indication you have the beginnings of a problem. Don’t procrastinate – find the areas where it is growing, remove it, and keep it from returning. Mold begins growing within 24 hours of the spores entering your basement. Top Places Mold Grows in Basements. Mold thrives in areas with ...Basement water issues can be a homeowner’s nightmare. Not only can they cause damage to your property, but they can also lead to mold growth and compromise the structural integrity...Vacuum the area before applying the enzymatic cleaner to ensure you get rid of loose particles. Spray the moldy area thoroughly with the enzymatic cleaner, then let it sit for 30 minutes. Afterward, dab the area dry with a clean towel to remove any excess moisture from the carpet. Once dry, vacuum the area again.Kevin finds demo expert Ron Peik in the basement as his crew comes up with a plan to remove the mold. #ThisOldHouse #AskTOHSUBSCRIBE to This Old House: http:... House mold affects your health. According to Total Health magazine, household mold growth is accelerated by warmth and high humidity - especially in the basement and crawl space. Mold spores can affect a home's inhabitants through inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact, causing a runny nose, watery eyes, mild allergic reactions, a scratchy ... 1 cup boiling hot water. 2/3 cup baking soda powder. 1/2 cup dish soap. 4 tbsp distilled white vinegar. Sprayer. tb1234. Blend the liquids in a sprayer and shake …3. Make a sanitizing spray with tea tree oil to get rid of any foul scents. Fill a spray bottle with rubbing alcohol, then add in 2-3 drops of tea tree oil. Stir the ingredients together, then spritz the mixture all over your basement. Focus specifically on areas that smell musty, like a piece of furniture.Leave bleach, borax, and essential oils on the mold for 10 to 15 minutes undisturbed. Wipe: Use paper towels to wipe away pieces of the mold and throw them in … A mixture of equal parts water and white vinegar is inexpensive, and you can use it to spray surfaces or mop the floor. Be sure to pay special attention to areas where mold was present. Carpeting and upholstery can trap odors and continue to smell musty long after a basement is clean and dry. Examine your basement regularly. Just come down there and walk around your shelving units looking for any signs of rodents, mold or water damage. Particularly check on things during or after a heavy rain, so that any leaks can be addresses immediately. Avoid storing anything of great value in the basement if it’s affected by …Vacuum the area before applying the enzymatic cleaner to ensure you get rid of loose particles. Spray the moldy area thoroughly with the enzymatic cleaner, then let it sit for 30 minutes. Afterward, dab the area dry with a clean towel to remove any excess moisture from the carpet. Once dry, vacuum the area again.Dec 21, 2021 ... Mold typically grows around basement windowsills or behind paneling. Removing existing mold requires cleaning with a scrub brush and soap and/or ...The insulation material and the design used can both play a role in getting rid of mold in the basement because they determine how inhabitable the room becomes ...Step 3. Scrub the surface of the carpet with a dry, stiff bristle brush to remove the visible mold spores. Brush these into a dustpan and discard it in a trash bag. ( Vacuuming is not recommended ... If you've discovered mold in your basement, it's important to take swift action to address the problem. Mold can pose serious health risks and cause damage to your home if left untreated. In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore effective methods for fixing mold in your basement, including DIY { Aug 16, 2023 · 3. Ensure concrete floors are sealed. 4. Locate any mold or moisture issues. 5. Improve your basement storage. 6. Use natural deodorizers. Musty smells in a basement are not just unpleasant if you intend to convert it to a family room – but if you use it for storage and laundry too. Learn the causes and solutions for mold and mildew odor in your basement. Follow four steps to find and fix leaks, lower humidity, clean up mold, and neutralize the smell.Mold is a fungus that, depending on the kind of mold it is, can be very dangerous to your health. It can be found in all areas of a home including mold on brick in basements, mold on a brick fireplace, mold on interior brick walls, etc. Mold development begins in dark, damp areas of a building – anywhere there is water, there can be mold.Dec 12, 2023 · Air conditioning: Run an air conditioner or install one in the basement to cool the air and remove moisture. Your air conditioner also filters the air to protect against dust and mold. Air ... Are you looking for a semi basement for rent in Queens? If so, you’ve come to the right place. Queens is a great place to live and offers a wide variety of semi basement rentals. R...4. Eliminate the Odor. Now that you’ve adequately removed the source of the smell, it’s time to neutralize the odor. You can get rid of the musty smell in many ways, but baking soda seems to be the easiest and most effective. Baking soda has some fantastic natural odor-absorbing capabilities that will have your basement smelling fresh in no ...Learn the causes and solutions for mold and mildew odor in your basement. Follow four steps to find and fix leaks, lower humidity, clean up mold, and neutralize the smell.Combine a cup (225 mL) of Borax with a gallon (4 L) of water. 5. Apply the cleaning agent and allow it to sit. Use a spray bottle, a sponge or a rag dipped in your …Refill the bowls with new white vinegar and let them sit for another 24 hours. Repeat this every 24 hours until the smell is gone. Baking Soda can also work to help clear that musty smell in the basement. Fill a couple of bowls with baking soda and place them at different ends of the room.Learn the causes and solutions for mold and mildew odor in your basement. Follow four steps to find and fix leaks, lower humidity, clean up mold, and neutralize the smell.May 24, 2022 · 4) If you have an unfinished basement, sprinkle chlorinated lime (bleaching) powder all over the floor and let it sit for 10 minutes before sweeping up to remove odor-causing microbes. Find the top basement air purifier picks to remove mold spores, musty smell and other contaminants that linger in that space at home. Let it sit for a few minutes, and then scrub it according to the directions in Step 4. Baking soda. Baking soda is a popular homemade mold-removal solution since it can be used on a variety of surfaces. To get rid of mold in your crawl space, spread baking soda onto the affected surface and let it sit overnight. Refill the bowls with new white vinegar and let them sit for another 24 hours. Repeat this every 24 hours until the smell is gone. Baking Soda can also work to help clear that musty smell in the basement. Fill a couple of bowls with baking soda and place them at different ends of the room. Sources Of Musty Basement Odors. Underground areas of your home are naturally cooler than above ground. So when warm air enters your basement, that reaction produces condensation that can quickly soak your walls and floor. Unchecked wet areas mean only one thing — mold and mildew. This fungus is easily spotted by its distinctive musty wet …The exact pricing will vary, depending on the size of the area affected, how much mold needs to be physically removed, and what treatment method you prefer. But in general, mold treatment ranges from $11- $16 per square foot. In this blog post, we explain each type of treatment, the varying options, and what they cost.Dec 18, 2018 · Use a soft brush and work until signs of the mold disappear. After scrubbing the surfaces, allow the bleach solution to continue to penetrate the surfaces and dry. Wipe off, but DO NOT RINSE these surfaces. Set trim in direct sunlight to dry. Scrub concrete with TSP or automatic dishwasher detergent. Black mold on carpet is caused by dry air, high humidity, and moisture. As the spores start to grow in humid conditions, they become active and begin to reproduce. Mold will thrive due to these conditions, which can be found in your basement or other low-lying areas of your home.GE 50-Pint Dehumidifier with Pump. $307 at Home Depot. High humidity in the basement can affect the rest of the house, like condensation on windows, pipes and toilet tanks. Not only do the moist ...Remove the moldy items from the location and thoroughly clean the area. Mix together equal parts white distilled vinegar and baking soda to create a homemade mold remover solution that can stop the source of mold in the basement. (Be careful not to let the initial reaction make a mess!)Studies show that vinegar kills 82% of mold species and removes musty odor at the same time. Let the vinegar absorb the mold for about 20 minutes. Using a clean cloth, wipe away the mold. For stubborn mold, scrub the area with a stiff brush and a vinegar solution of about 1/8 cup of white vinegar and 1 gallon of water.It can be used for small mold removal jobs involving no more than 10 square feet of moldy materials if you want more protection than that offered by an N-95 respiratory mask. N-100 Respirator Mask – An N-100 respirator mask filters out 99.97% of all airborne particles, including mold spores.Install a vapor barrier on the interior side of basement walls to prevent moisture from entering the living space. This barrier helps to keep the basement dry and reduce the risk of mold growth. 4. Waterproof the basement: Proper waterproofing is vital in preventing water intrusion and subsequent mold growth.4. Eliminate the Odor. Now that you’ve adequately removed the source of the smell, it’s time to neutralize the odor. You can get rid of the musty smell in many ways, but baking soda seems to be the easiest and most effective. Baking soda has some fantastic natural odor-absorbing capabilities that will have your basement smelling fresh in no ...One of the best ways to get rid of mold in your basement is to tear out the contaminated areas and replace them with fresh materials. If you can't do that then ...Dec 21, 2021 ... Mold typically grows around basement windowsills or behind paneling. Removing existing mold requires cleaning with a scrub brush and soap and/or ...If you’re dealing with a full basement, start by patching cracks in the foundation and sealing basement walls. Use a polyurethane masonry caulk like Sikaflex ($7 per tube) or UGL’s Masonry Crack Filler (about $5 per tube). For 1/4-inch or larger cracks, use hydraulic cement, which expands as it dries.There are just three sources of moisture: Liquid water from rain or ground-water. Interior moisture sources such as humidifiers, unvented clothes dryers, bathrooms and cooking, as well as the moisture in concrete after construction. Exterior humid air that enters the basement and condenses on cooler surfaces.Interior water and moisture. These are the water sources that are already inside your house. They can be from various things like a leaking furnace, humidity from showers and cooking, and so on. Even a dryer that is not properly ventilated can cause moisture to go into the air, giving a damp feel to the basement.Jul 28, 2021 ... Spray polyurethane foam (SPUF): · Frame a 2x4 stud wall at 24" centres leaving a gap of at least one inch between studs and concrete. · Shim up&...Finishing your basement can add extra room to your home and also increase it’s value. Take time to draw up a simple layout plan and chop and change as needed. It’s easier to change...Mist the affected areas, then use a sponge to remove any remaining mold before giving the area a thorough rinse with water. Let the surface dry fully. You can apply 3% hydrogen peroxide in a spray bottle to the moldy area. After letting this sit for 10 minutes, use a moist towel or cloth to wipe away any mold.House mold affects your health. According to Total Health magazine, household mold growth is accelerated by warmth and high humidity - especially in the basement and crawl space. Mold spores can affect a home's inhabitants through inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact, causing a runny nose, watery eyes, mild allergic reactions, a scratchy ...Kevin finds demo expert Ron Peik in the basement as his crew comes up with a plan to remove the mold. #ThisOldHouse #AskTOHSUBSCRIBE to This Old House: http:...Clothing and Fabrics. Unfortunately, mold can cause permanent damage to some clothing items and fabrics. To clean washable items, pretreat them with non-ammonia detergent, and then wash them at the highest temperature with detergent and the appropriate bleach. Check the label on your product to determine the highest wash …Mold growth in your basement can become a serious issue, causing damage to your property and potentially affecting your health. Several factors can contribute to the development of mold in basements. Understanding these factors will help you prevent mold growth and maintain a safe living environment. Moisture is one of the main …Outside moisture sources you’ll want to be aware of and prevent if you want to keep mold from growing inside your basement include things like. Surface water. Rain. Snowmelt; and. Flooding. Water may also find its way into your basement through an underground spring or …All songs written and recorded in Lonesome Wyatt's parent's moldy basement between 1998-2000. Other Versions (1) View All. Title (Format)Label Cat# Country Year: New Submission. Moldy Basement Tapes Volume 1 (LP, Limited Edition)Tribulation Recording Co. TRC015: US: 2011: Recommendations. Moldy Basement Tapes Volume 2.If you’re fortunate enough to own a 2 bedroom townhouse with a basement, you have an excellent opportunity to maximize your storage space. Basements are often underutilized areas t...Oct 14, 2021 · Worsening of asthma. Coughing. Wheezing. Nasal congestion. Sneezing. Sore throat. Rhinitis. However, the impact of basement mold can reach far beyond these symptoms. Indoor Environment Health ...
Check the floors, baseboards, and finished walls of the basement for streaks, stains or patches that appear slimy and/ or are colored black, green or white with orange spots. Also, look for stains with a yellowish tint. Under ideal conditions it can take between 24 to 48 hours for mold to germinate and grow.. Bauer shop vac
Step 5. Install An HVAC Ultraviolet Light. When the entire black mold removal process is finished (including the furnace), then installing an HVAC UV light is highly advisable. An HVAC UV light is a special type of light bulb that is installed inside your furnace, and it shines 24-hours to kill and prevent mold growth.Why Wet Basements are a Problem. Make no mistake, wet basements can be a problem—especially with mold. To grow, mold needs the right temperature, moisture, and organic matter. All of these conditions exist in the average wet basement, and mold can grow, causing damage and health concerns. When Grade is an IssueMrs. Meyer’s Clean Day Room Freshener. Whether you need a musty basement odor eliminator or simply something to cover-up a strange stench you can’t even identify, reach for Mrs. Meyer’s Room and Air Freshener Spray. It’s our top pick for the best basement odor eliminator for a few reasons—first, the Lemon Verbena’s mild citrus …A mixture of equal parts water and white vinegar is inexpensive, and you can use it to spray surfaces or mop the floor. Be sure to pay special attention to areas where mold was … Signs of Mold in Basement One of the clearest signs that you have mold in your basement is the smell. Because of the stagnant air in the basement, odors build up and become very noticeable. Don't ignore a musty or moldy smell in the basement as it probably means you have a basement mold problem. More mold signs are at Signs of Mold in the Home. To help further prevent toxic mold from taking hold of your basement, follow these tips: Keep Humidity Low: mold grows in moisture, so keeping excess moisture to a minimum will help keep mold spores from spreading. Invest in a dehumidifier for those rainy days and keep fresh air pumping through your basement as much as possible.To kill mold with vinegar, pour undiluted vinegar into a spray bottle and spray the moldy area directly. Allow the vinegar to sit for up to one hour. Wipe the area clean with a damp towel and allow the wood to air dry. The smell of vinegar will linger on the wood for several hours but will dissipate naturally.Manage relative humidity in the basement. Use an Energy Star-labeled dehumidifier to keep the interior relative humidity at or below 60%. Basement floors don’t have to be cold and damp but they often are. Unless you can design or retrofit your basement slab to be warm and dry, avoid wall-to-wall carpet as a floor finish.Feb 5, 2024 · BEST FOR LARGE BASEMENTS: Ivation Large-Capacity Dehumidifier With Pump. BEST SMART: LG PuriCare 50-Pint WiFi-Enabled Dehumidifier. BEST COMPACT: Midea Cube 20-Pint Smart Control Dehumidifier ... Dec 18, 2023 · Clothing and Fabrics. Unfortunately, mold can cause permanent damage to some clothing items and fabrics. To clean washable items, pretreat them with non-ammonia detergent, and then wash them at the highest temperature with detergent and the appropriate bleach. Check the label on your product to determine the highest wash temperature. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "Draft in a moldy basement?", 12 letters crossword clue. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues.Keep the tub or shower dry. Use one of the best shower squeegees on shower walls and glass doors after every use. The drier the shower or bath is, the less likely it is that mold will grow on the ...Moldy Basement Tapes . Lonesome Wyatt and the Holy Spooks. SINGER/SONGWRITER · 2010 . Preview. Disc 1. Disc 2. Disc 3. October 26, 2010 39 Songs, 2 hours, 6 minutes ℗ 2010 Lonesome Wyatt and the Holy Spooks. Also available in the iTunes Store . More By Lonesome Wyatt and the Holy Spooks. Grim Weepers. 2017. Ghost Ballads. 2013.But you can discourage mold and mildew growth by choosing the right building materials that will not be damaged by moisture or support mold growth. Here's some ...Mold is found both indoors and outdoors. Mold can enter your home through open doorways, windows, vents, and heating and air conditioning systems. Mold in the air outside can also attach itself to clothing, shoes, and pets can and be carried indoors. When mold spores drop on places where there is excessive moisture, such as where leakage may ...Aug 16, 2023 · 3. Ensure concrete floors are sealed. 4. Locate any mold or moisture issues. 5. Improve your basement storage. 6. Use natural deodorizers. Musty smells in a basement are not just unpleasant if you intend to convert it to a family room – but if you use it for storage and laundry too. Aug 9, 2021 · To prevent mold growth on concrete surfaces, it’s essential to control excess moisture. Ensure proper ventilation, especially in basements, use dehumidifiers, and address any water leaks promptly. Regularly inspecting outdoor concrete, like patios, for water pooling and ensuring good drainage can also help. Sep 12, 2023 · Combine a cup (225 mL) of Borax with a gallon (4 L) of water. 5. Apply the cleaning agent and allow it to sit. Use a spray bottle, a sponge or a rag dipped in your cleaning agent to apply it to the moldy area. Allow the cleaning agent to sit for five to fifteen minutes. [12] 6. Scrub the area with the cleaning agent. How to Remove Mold from Basement Spaces Depending on the extent of the mold issue, its removal may be as simple as a thorough cleaning or more complex requiring ....