Mandiant's - Mandiant Breach Analytics is designed to enable organizations to reduce attacker dwell time by continuously monitoring events in Chronicle for current, relevant indicators of compromise (IOCs) and applying contextual information and machine learning to prioritize the matches. With active insight into threats, organizations can rapidly take ...

 
The US cybersecurity firm Mandiant last week publicly linked the channel on the social media platform Telegram where hackers claimed responsibility for the …. Kung fu hustle full movie

Mandiant's products are endorsed to deliver its clients an impressive cybersecurity experience. With a presence in almost 26 countries, Mandiant is located …UPDATE (Dec. 5, 2022): FLARE VM has been updated to be more open and maintainable.. FLARE VM is the first of its kind reverse engineering and malware analysis distribution on Windows platform.Similarly, the public disclosure of APT12’s intrusion at the New York Times also led to only a brief pause in the threat group’s activity and immediate changes in TTPs. The pause and retooling by APT12 was covered in the Mandiant 2014 M-Trends report. Currently, APT12 continues to target organizations and conduct cyber operations using …Apr 20, 2023 · In March 2023, Mandiant Consulting responded to a supply chain compromise that affected 3CX Desktop App software. During this response, Mandiant identified that the initial compromise vector of 3CX’s network was via malicious software downloaded from Trading Technologies website. This is the first time Mandiant has seen a software supply ... Mandiant's investigation and research identified local print shops and hotels as potential hotspots for infection. While some threat actors targeted specific industries or regions, Campaign 22-054 appears to be more opportunistic in nature. This campaign may be part of a long-term collection objective or a later-stage follow-up for subjects of ...This primarily reflects Mandiant's investigative support of cyber threat activity which targeted Ukraine. The next four most targeted industries from 2022 are consistent with what Mandiant experts ...The Practical Threat Hunting course is a three-day course that has been designed to teach threat hunters and incident responders the core concepts of developing and executing threat hunts. Through this course students will be able to: This course includes practical labs that challenge the students to develop hypothesis and hunt missions in ...Mandiant has worked to detect and mitigate BYOVD techniques for a number of years and has worked closely with industry allies to report vulnerabilities when discovered. During research being carried out on UNC2970 we discovered a vulnerable driver that the actor had access to, but did not know was vulnerable - essentially making …Additionally, Mandiant has previously observed multiple suspected APT actors utilizing appliance specific malware to enable post-exploitation and evade detection. These instances, combined with Volexity’s findings around targeting, leads Mandiant to suspect this is an espionage-motivated APT campaign.China. While publicly reported and patched in October 2023, Mandiant and VMware Product Security have found UNC3886, a highly advanced China-nexus espionage group, has been exploiting CVE-2023-34048 as far back as late 2021. These findings stem from Mandiant’s continued research of the novel attack paths used by UNC3886, which … Mandiant Consultants help organizations get back to business after a security incident. They apply their frontline expertise to help organizations transform their cyber defense capabilities to mitigate threats and reduce business risk - before, during and after an incident. View all Consulting. Schedule Consultation. Mandiant's products are endorsed to deliver its clients an impressive cybersecurity experience. With a presence in almost 26 countries, Mandiant is located …Mandiant has investigated dozens of intrusions at defense industrial base (DIB), government, technology, and telecommunications organizations over the years where suspected China-nexus groups have exploited zero-day vulnerabilities and deployed custom malware to steal user credentials and maintain long-term access to the victim …Oct 4, 2021 · October 4, 2021 marks a significant milestone for Mandiant. Our corporate name change from FireEye, Inc. to Mandiant, Inc. Those of you who follow the Nasdaq will notice our common stock ticker symbol will change at the opening of trading on October 5, 2021 to MNDT. Although we are celebrating the rebrand with fresh creative applied to our ... Additionally, Mandiant has previously observed multiple suspected APT actors utilizing appliance specific malware to enable post-exploitation and evade detection. These instances, combined with Volexity’s findings around targeting, leads Mandiant to suspect this is an espionage-motivated APT campaign.Mar 20, 2023 · Overall Count. Mandiant tracked 55 zero-day vulnerabilities that we judge were exploited in 2022. While this count is 26 fewer than the record-breaking 81 zero-days exploited in 2021, it was still significantly higher than in 2020 and years prior (Figure 1). Figure 1: Confirmed exploitation of zero-day vulnerabilities in the wild (2012–2022) Mandiant works to gain initial access to the target environment by exploiting vulnerabilities or conducting a social engineering attack, and leverages techniques used by real-world attackers to gain privileged access to these systems. Once access is gained, the red team attempts to escalate privileges to establish and maintain persistence ...Mandiant Reports Financial Results for Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2021. Reston, Va. – Feb. 8, 2022 – Mandiant, Inc. (NASDAQ: MNDT), the leader in dynamic cyber defense and response, today announced financial results for the fourth quarter and full year ended December 31, 2021. “We achieved a significant milestone in Q4, divesting the ...Read the Google Cloud Cybersecurity Forecast 2024 report to learn how: AI will be used to scale phishing, information operations and other campaigns, but also for improved detection, response, and attribution of adversaries at scale, and faster analysis and reverse engineering. China, Russia, North Korea, and Iran — known collectively as …Mandiant red teams need only five to seven days on average to achieve their objectives, so organizations must remain vigilant. Other M-Trends 2024 metrics include: …Mandiant experts are ready to answer your questions. Cyber Defense & Threat Intelligence Resources. Get access to the latest threat reports and insights delivered straight from the frontlines of cyber security.Apr 18, 2023 · M-Trends 2023 contains all of the metrics, insights, and guidance you have come to expect, and here are just some of the highlights: Median dwell time: Global median dwell time is now down to 16 days from 21 in our previous report, meaning attacks are being detected more quickly than ever before. Part of this is good work by defenders, but ... About Mandiant. Mandiant, a part of FireEye, brings together the world’s leading threat intelligence and frontline expertise with continuous security validation to arm organizations with the tools needed to increase security effectiveness and reduce organizational risk. About FireEye, Inc. FireEye is the intelligence-led security company.Mar 22, 2024 · Mandiant experts are ready to answer your questions. Cyber security insights and guidance from the frontlines. Read expert perspectives and get all the latest cyber security industry news at the Mandiant blog. Chinese, Iranian State Hackers Exploiting Log4j Flaw: Mandiant. Microsoft warns China, Iran, North Korea and Turkey are exploiting recently revealed software vulnerability. U.S. warns new software flaw leaves millions of computers vulnerable: It could be used to gain a foothold to hack practically any organization.Mandiant's Twitter Account Restored After Six-Hour Crypto Scam Hack. American cybersecurity firm and Google Cloud subsidiary Mandiant had its X (formerly Twitter) account compromised for more than six hours by an unknown attacker to propagate a cryptocurrency scam. As of writing, the account has been restored on the social media …Now generally available, the connector will deliver Mandiant frontline threat intelligence and actionable context on indicators of compromise (IOCs) into Microsoft Sentinel users’ workspaces. As a result, users can gain a threat-informed perspective of the adversary in real time. Figure 1: Mandiant Advantage Threat Intelligence dashboard.Mandiant’s December 2020 blog post on UNCs described the analytical tradecraft we use to merge and graduate clusters of activity. Merging UNCs is a substantial analytical practice in which indicators and tradecraft attributed to one group are scrutinized against another. Two former UNCs that shared similar modus operandi were eventually ...Google purchased Mandiant in 2022 for $5.4 billion, which, at the time, was its second-biggest acquisition ever. Many questions remain about Mandiant's measures …We are tracking the actors behind this campaign as UNC2452. FireEye discovered a supply chain attack trojanizing SolarWinds Orion business software updates in order to distribute malware we call SUNBURST. The attacker’s post compromise activity leverages multiple techniques to evade detection and obscure their activity, but these …Sep 12, 2022 · Google has announced that its proposed $5.4 billion bid to buy cybersecurity firm Mandiant is now complete.. The internet giant revealed plans to acquire publicly traded Mandiant back in March ... FedRAMP Ready: Mandiant’s Latest Designation Supports Public Sector Customers. In yet another major milestone in its mission to make every organization secure from cyber threats, Mandiant recently announced that it achieved FedRAMP Ready designation for its first evaluated solution, Mandiant Advantage Automated Defense.The latest tweets from @MandiantMoving the Mission Forward: Mandiant Joins Google Cloud. Google’s acquisition of Mandiant is now complete, marking a great moment for our team and for the security community we serve. As part of Google Cloud, Mandiant now has a far greater capability to close the security gap created by a growing number of adversaries.In a new report, Mandiant analyzed survey findings from 1,350 global business and IT leaders on how they are managing a rapidly evolving threat landscape. Learn how cyber security decision-makers are navigating the global threat landscape in areas such as: Value and application of threat intelligenceMandiant works to gain initial access to the target environment by exploiting vulnerabilities or conducting a social engineering attack, and leverages techniques used by real-world attackers to gain privileged access to these systems. Once access is gained, the red team attempts to escalate privileges to establish and maintain persistence ...Mandiant has observed UNC4990 leverage EMPTYSPACE (also known as VETTA Loader and BrokerLoader), a downloader that can execute any payload served by the command and control (C2) server, and QUIETBOARD, which is a backdoor that was delivered using EMPTYSPACE.. Infection Lifecycle Figure 1: Infection chain Initial …Cybersecurity firm Mandiant will operate under the auspices of Google Cloud, though the Mandiant brand will live on. Google has announced that its proposed …Mandiant has worked to detect and mitigate BYOVD techniques for a number of years and has worked closely with industry allies to report vulnerabilities when discovered. During research being carried out on UNC2970 we discovered a vulnerable driver that the actor had access to, but did not know was vulnerable - essentially making …Mandiant’s chief technology officer Charles Carmakal said the hacks targeting Barracuda customers is the “broadest cyber espionage campaign” known to be conducted by a China-backed hacking ...Mandiant has observed UNC5221 targeting a wide range of verticals of strategic interest to the People's Republic of China (PRC) both pre and post disclosure, and early indications show that tooling and infrastructure overlap with past intrusions attributed to suspected China-based espionage actors. Additionally, Linux-based tools identified in ...Mandiant can conduct in-depth reviews of an entire cyber defense organization and recommend and collaborate on improvements. Areas affected could include architecture, configurations, defenses and operations. Mandiant also provides capability development services to enhance operational effectiveness. Such services …Google has completed its acquisition of Mandiant, bringing a major name in cybersecurity under the tech giant’s ever-growing umbrella. The $5.4 billion acquisition, announced in March, was ...FLOSS analyzes compiled programs, identifies functions that may decode data, and automatically deobfuscates hidden strings. Initially, FLOSS extracted three major string types: static strings included verbatim, encoded strings decoded by dedicated functions, and stack strings constructed piecemeal. For more background, or a refresher …Jul 11, 2023 · Mandiant's investigation and research identified local print shops and hotels as potential hotspots for infection. While some threat actors targeted specific industries or regions, Campaign 22-054 appears to be more opportunistic in nature. This campaign may be part of a long-term collection objective or a later-stage follow-up for subjects of ... Overview: The China-based threat group Mandiant tracks as APT3 is one of the more sophisticated threat groups that Mandiant Threat Intelligence tracks, and they have a history of using browser-based exploits as zero-days (e.g., Internet Explorer, Firefox, and Adobe Flash Player). FLOSS analyzes compiled programs, identifies functions that may decode data, and automatically deobfuscates hidden strings. Initially, FLOSS extracted three major string types: static strings included verbatim, encoded strings decoded by dedicated functions, and stack strings constructed piecemeal. For more background, or a refresher …Frontline expertise. Mandiant has been on the frontlines of cyber incident response since 2004. From cyber espionage to crippling network attacks, Mandiant can quickly identify what was compromised, assess the pathway to attack and remediate the breach, so you can resume regular business activities.Ransomware Prevention. Identify the activity that precedes ransomware deployment and activate mitigation strategies to avoid a major ransomware and multifaceted extortion incident. With Mandiant Advantage, response readiness services and on-demand access to Mandiant cyber defense experts, security teams can identify active and past …Take decisive action with industry-leading intelligence. Empower your team with Mandiant's uniquely dynamic view of the attack lifecycle. Combine machine, …Mandiant's Twitter Account Restored After Six-Hour Crypto Scam Hack. American cybersecurity firm and Google Cloud subsidiary Mandiant had its X (formerly Twitter) account compromised for more than six hours by an unknown attacker to propagate a cryptocurrency scam. As of writing, the account has been restored on the social media …Chinese, Iranian State Hackers Exploiting Log4j Flaw: Mandiant. Microsoft warns China, Iran, North Korea and Turkey are exploiting recently revealed software vulnerability. U.S. warns new software flaw leaves millions of computers vulnerable: It could be used to gain a foothold to hack practically any organization.Oct 1, 2013 · OpenIOC: Back to the Basics. One challenge investigators face during incident response is finding a way to organize information about an attackers' activity, utilities, malware and other indicators of compromise, called IOCs. The OpenIOC format addresses this challenge head-on. OpenIOC provides a standard format and terms for describing the ... Mandiant is continuously investigating attacks that leverage PowerShell throughout all phases of the attack. A common issue we experience is a lack of available logging that adequately shows what actions the attacker performed using PowerShell. In those investigations, Mandiant routinely offers guidance on increasing PowerShell … Frontline expertise. Mandiant has been on the frontlines of cyber incident response since 2004. From cyber espionage to crippling network attacks, Mandiant can quickly identify what was compromised, assess the pathway to attack and remediate the breach, so you can resume regular business activities. Google is acquiring Mandiant, a cybersecurity company best known for uncovering the SolarWinds hack. The deal is set to close later this year, with Google …Customer Success and Technical Account Managers provide strategic subject matter expertise and technical deployment assistance, guiding your overall success with Mandiant. Our 24/7/365 Mandiant Support team is available to all customers for tactical platform needs. Mandiant provides Basic and Premium success plan options that fit …Mandiant Academy provides incident response and cyber threat intelligence analysis certifications to test your security team’s existing knowledge in these critical security domains. Each certification exam—sold separately—is the duration of one hour in length, consists of 50 questions (multiple choice and performance-based), and is ...Sandworm Team is Russia’s preeminent cyber attack capability, having conducted complex attacks which caused electrical outages in Ukraine as well as the most expensive destructive attack in history: NotPetya. Another actor, who Mandiant calls TEMP.Isotope (UNC806/UNC2486 aka Berserk Bear, Dragonfly), has a long history of …Nov 18, 2021 · Mandiant’s DFIR Framework for Embedded Devices proposes a systematic approach to collect and handle data from embedded devices. As such, the application of the framework should rely on collaboration between security groups, engineers, maintenance workers, and operators to collect and analyze data that support response to cyber incidents. Mandiant identified novel operational technology (OT) / industrial control system (ICS)-oriented malware, which we track as COSMICENERGY, uploaded to a public malware scanning utility in December 2021 by a submitter in Russia. The malware is designed to cause electric power disruption by interacting with IEC 60870-5-104 (IEC …Access free on-demand cyber defense training courses to advance your understanding of the six critical functions of cyber defense and learn how to activate them in your organization. This expert training is based on a new book published by Mandiant, titled The Defender’s Advantage, written by frontline cyber security experts from Mandiant’s ... These online live and curated intelligence briefings support security missions by simplifying the complexities of the cyber threat spectrum and delivering insights that improve situational awareness for decision makers and their security teams. Ultimately, they can help executive teams inform and adapt to meet evolving cyber threats. Jan 10, 2024 · Additionally, Mandiant has previously observed multiple suspected APT actors utilizing appliance specific malware to enable post-exploitation and evade detection. These instances, combined with Volexity’s findings around targeting, leads Mandiant to suspect this is an espionage-motivated APT campaign. For organizations with an on-premises controller, Mandiant is providing a remediation and hardening guide for additional steps to reduce risks related to these vulnerabilities. Mandiant has identified mass exploitation of these vulnerabilities by various threat actors. Many of them will deploy ransomware and conduct multifaceted extortion.FLOSS analyzes compiled programs, identifies functions that may decode data, and automatically deobfuscates hidden strings. Initially, FLOSS extracted three major string types: static strings included verbatim, encoded strings decoded by dedicated functions, and stack strings constructed piecemeal. For more background, or a refresher …Google has completed its acquisition of Mandiant, bringing a major name in cybersecurity under the tech giant’s ever-growing umbrella. The $5.4 billion acquisition, announced in March, was ...Today, The Mandiant® Intelligence Center™ released an unprecedented report exposing APT1's multi-year, enterprise-scale computer espionage campaign. APT1 is one of dozens of threat groups Mandiant tracks around the world and we consider it to be one of the most prolific in terms of the sheer quantity of information it has stolen. The highly anticipated annual report is here. In this 14th edition, M-Trends provides an inside look at the evolving cyber threat landscape drawn from Mandiant incident response investigations and threat intelligence analysis of high-impact attacks and remediations around the globe across the last year. Get informed on these topics and so much ... Jan 30, 2024 · Mandiant Managed Defense is an MDR service that provides 24/7 access to security experts who monitor an organization’s security technology to quickly find and investigate impactful events, reduce attacker dwell-time by proactively hunting for ongoing or past breaches, and respond before attacks impact your business. Feb 19, 2013 · Today, The Mandiant® Intelligence Center™ released an unprecedented report exposing APT1's multi-year, enterprise-scale computer espionage campaign. APT1 is one of dozens of threat groups Mandiant tracks around the world and we consider it to be one of the most prolific in terms of the sheer quantity of information it has stolen. The Elevate Network. Mandiant is pleased to be working with Athena Alliance and other top security leaders from companies committed to elevating women in cyber security. Elevate recognizes impactful women who are rising through the ranks, breaking barriers and leading major initiatives. Mandiant and the Elevate network are committed to helping ...import pefile. pe = pefile.PE(sys.argv[1]) print "Import Hash: %s" % pe.get_imphash() Mandiant uses an imphash convention that requires that the ordinals for a given import be mapped to a specific function. We've added a lookup for a couple of DLLs that export functions commonly looked up by ordinal to pefile.Google announced Tuesday that it plans to buy cybersecurity firm Mandiant for around $5.4 billion as part of an effort to better protect its cloud customers. The …espionage. Today, Mandiant is releasing a comprehensive report detailing APT42, an Iranian state-sponsored cyber espionage group tasked with conducting information collection and surveillance operations against individuals and organizations of strategic interest to the Iranian government. We estimate with moderate confidence that …Mandiant Reports Financial Results for Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2021. Reston, Va. – Feb. 8, 2022 – Mandiant, Inc. (NASDAQ: MNDT), the leader in dynamic cyber defense and response, today announced financial results for the fourth quarter and full year ended December 31, 2021. “We achieved a significant milestone in Q4, divesting the ...The Mandiant Advanced Practices team previously published a threat research blog post that provided an overview of UNC1945 operations where the actor compromised managed services providers to gain access to targets in the financial and professional consulting industries.. Since that time, Mandiant has investigated and …Mandiant is recognized by enterprises, governments and law enforcement agencies worldwide as the market leader in threat intelligence and expertise gained on the frontlines of cyber security. To make every organization confidently ready for cyber threats, Mandiant scales its intelligence and expertise through the Mandiant Advantage SaaS platform to …Oct 4, 2021 · October 4, 2021 marks a significant milestone for Mandiant. Our corporate name change from FireEye, Inc. to Mandiant, Inc. Those of you who follow the Nasdaq will notice our common stock ticker symbol will change at the opening of trading on October 5, 2021 to MNDT. Although we are celebrating the rebrand with fresh creative applied to our ... Oct 1, 2013 · OpenIOC: Back to the Basics. One challenge investigators face during incident response is finding a way to organize information about an attackers' activity, utilities, malware and other indicators of compromise, called IOCs. The OpenIOC format addresses this challenge head-on. OpenIOC provides a standard format and terms for describing the ... Customer Success and Technical Account Managers provide strategic subject matter expertise and technical deployment assistance, guiding your overall success with Mandiant. Our 24/7/365 Mandiant Support team is available to all customers for tactical platform needs. Mandiant provides Basic and Premium success plan options that fit …Jun 2, 2021 · A joint reseller agreement will enable the FireEye and Mandiant sales teams to continue offering our integrated solutions. We have also established cooperative processes to make certain customer data is secure. In these and other ways, we will ensure that both parties have the resources necessary to deliver on – and exceed – customer ... Mandiant's Twitter Account Restored After Six-Hour Crypto Scam Hack. American cybersecurity firm and Google Cloud subsidiary Mandiant had its X (formerly Twitter) account compromised for more than six hours by an unknown attacker to propagate a cryptocurrency scam. As of writing, the account has been restored on the social media …Microsoft and Mandiant have partnered to empower every organization to achieve more and be equipped to defend against cyber risk. Together we deliver effective security solutions that combat cyber-attacks to keep businesses operating with confidence. By bringing Mandiant intelligence and expertise together with Microsoft security …Mandiant suspects this group to be operating from China currently assessed at low confidence. UNC2980 has been observed exploiting CVE-2021-34473, CVE-2021-34523, CVE-2021-31207, publicly referred to as "ProxyShell", to upload web shells for initial access. The group relies on multiple publicly available tools including EARTHWORM, …The US cybersecurity firm Mandiant last week publicly linked the channel on the social media platform Telegram where hackers claimed responsibility for the …

Mar 22, 2024 · Mandiant experts are ready to answer your questions. Cyber security insights and guidance from the frontlines. Read expert perspectives and get all the latest cyber security industry news at the Mandiant blog. . Croatian to english language

mandiant's

Vulnerabilities. Mandiant has observed a new ALPHV (aka BlackCat ransomware) ransomware affiliate, tracked as UNC4466, target publicly exposed Veritas Backup Exec installations, vulnerable to CVE-2021-27876, CVE-2021-27877 and CVE-2021-27878, for initial access to victim environments. A commercial Internet scanning …UPDATE (Dec. 5, 2022): FLARE VM has been updated to be more open and maintainable.. FLARE VM is the first of its kind reverse engineering and malware analysis distribution on Windows platform.This report focuses on a threat group that we have designated as APT28. While APT28’s malware is fairly well known in the cybersecurity community, our report details additional information exposing ongoing, focused operations that we believe indicate a government sponsor based in Moscow. In contrast with the China-based threat actors …MandiantThrough Mandiant investigation of intrusions, the FLARE Advanced Practices team observed a group we track as UNC1945 compromise managed service providers and operate against a tailored set of targets within the financial and professional consulting industries by leveraging access to third-party networks (see this blog post for an in-depth …Mandiant red teams need only five to seven days on average to achieve their objectives, so organizations must remain vigilant. Other M-Trends 2024 metrics include: …Mar 8, 2022 · RESTON, Va.-- ( BUSINESS WIRE )--Mandiant, Inc. (NASDAQ: MNDT) today announced that it has entered into a definitive agreement to be acquired by Google LLC for $23.00 per share in an all-cash ... In late 2022, Mandiant responded to a disruptive cyber physical incident in which the Russia-linked threat actor Sandworm targeted a Ukrainian critical infrastructure organization. This incident was a multi-event cyber attack that leveraged a novel technique for impacting industrial control systems (ICS) / operational technology (OT).Download the Mandiant Cyber Security Forecast 2023 today. For even more on 2023, be sure to register now for our webinar scheduled for Nov. 30, where Mandiant threat expert Andrew Kopcienski will be diving deeper on many of the topics discussed in the report. We will also be talking about 2023 in an upcoming episode of The Defender’s ...Google announced Tuesday that it plans to buy cybersecurity firm Mandiant for around $5.4 billion as part of an effort to better protect its cloud customers. The …Jan 10, 2024 · 1. Cybersecurity firm and Google subsidiary Mandiant says its Twitter/X account was hijacked last week by a Drainer-as-a-Service (DaaS) gang in what it described as "likely a brute force password ... Mandiant Advantage Platform. Platform Overview; Security Validation; Attack Surface Management; Threat Intelligence; Digital Threat Monitoring; Managed Defense; …Mandiant responds to the world’s largest breaches. We combine our frontline expertise and deep understanding of global attacker behavior to respond to breaches …FLOSS analyzes compiled programs, identifies functions that may decode data, and automatically deobfuscates hidden strings. Initially, FLOSS extracted three major string types: static strings included verbatim, encoded strings decoded by dedicated functions, and stack strings constructed piecemeal. For more background, or a refresher …Incident Response Service. Investigate, contain and remediate critical security incidents with speed, scale and efficiency. Mandiant has been at the forefront of cybersecurity and cyber threat intelligence since 2004. Our incident responders have been on the frontlines of the most complex breaches worldwide. We have a deep understanding of both ...Oct 1, 2013 · OpenIOC: Back to the Basics. One challenge investigators face during incident response is finding a way to organize information about an attackers' activity, utilities, malware and other indicators of compromise, called IOCs. The OpenIOC format addresses this challenge head-on. OpenIOC provides a standard format and terms for describing the ... .

Popular Topics