Cold process soap - Cold-process soap making is arguably the most popular soap-making method we use. You use a from-scratch soap recipe composed of one or more oils/fats and combine them with a strong alkali (lye). The natural chemical reaction that occurs transforms the original ingredients into a new compound – soap! Handmade soap is naturally …

 
Cold Process Soap Guide Step 1-Making the lye. Firstly, prepare and clean your working area, and source all equipment needed. Make sure you are wearing all of your safety gear including safety glasses, gloves and full sleeves. Step 2. Measure out 180g of water into a jug then carefully pour your caustic into your …. Wireless home security alarm system

Here is a recipe for Pine Essential Oil Soap that can be used with either the Cold Process or the Hot Process methods. I will link to my Hot Process Soap photo tutorials for clear, step by step directions on how to make hot process soap! ---If you choose the hot process route, you can use the soap right away! Bonus! :-)A cold process soap not only retains its natural glycerin, it allows soap makers to have total control over the ingredients being put into the soap. With this process, soap makers are able to design their own recipe with specially formulated oil blends and additives to handcraft the types of soaps and the …Cold Process Soap Making Instructions ... A 4-6 cup lye resistant container for mixing lye and water. This container must be made of stainless steel, glass or ...COCONUT OIL COLD-PROCESS SOAP BAR . For this soap bar, we are only using coconut oil, water, and lye. It is important to use distilled water when working with lye as the minerals found in tap water can react with the lye. The best coconut oil to use to make soap is unrefined, 100% pure, and with no added chemicals. Coconut oil has a … In the cold process of soap making, alkali/lye plus fats/oils are mixed to form soap over approximately 24-36 hours. Since no heat is provided to the mixture, the saponification in the cold process of soap making occurs with the heat produced from a chemical reaction. This is a great recipe for a bar of soap that everyone in the family can use. It is moisturizing, has lots of lather, and is gentle on the skin. If you wan...MAKE EMBEDS: Chop and melt the 10 oz. of LCP Clear Melt and Pour in the microwave using 20 second bursts. Once completely melted, add 1 tsp. of Gold Sparkle Mica and stir until the mica is completely mixed into the soap. Spray with rubbing alcohol to help break up any clumps of mica.These are my favorite 3 Cold Process soap recipes that I tend to stick to when making soap for classes, family and friends. The Avocado Moisturizing Bars from the Soap Crafting …Step 4: Let it Cool. For this pine tar soap recipe to be successful, and to give you enough time to work properly, you need to let the lye water cool more than many other cold-process soap recipes. This helps to stop the soap batter setting up so quickly that it's nearly impossible to work with. In the cold process of soap making, alkali/lye plus fats/oils are mixed to form soap over approximately 24-36 hours. Since no heat is provided to the mixture, the saponification in the cold process of soap making occurs with the heat produced from a chemical reaction. These are my favorite 3 Cold Process soap recipes that I tend to stick to when making soap for classes, family and friends. The Avocado Moisturizing Bars from the Soap Crafting …Increased Offer! Hilton No Annual Fee 70K + Free Night Cert Offer! We are constantly coming across interesting travel and finance related articles that we love to share with our re...Here are my top five finishing touches to create soap that looks professional and finished. 1. Steam Your Soap. Soda ash occurs on soap due to the natural process of unsaponified lye reacting with carbon dioxide in the air. The result is a thin white layer on the top of the soap.Pour some water on the soap’s surface. Rub the water over it until you observe a reaction and see bubbles. Dip the pH strip into the bubbles. Check the results of the pH strip — it should have a chart that you can use as a reference. Although this method is quick and easy to complete, it isn’t the best one.Woad Soap Recipe. Lovely Greens. Cold-process soap recipe using woad powder to naturally color the soap blue. Measurements are in weight and a single batch makes five to six bars. Technical information: 1lb / 454g batch — 5% superfat — ~34.5% lye solution. Print Project Pin Idea.Allow the lye and water mixture to sit, undisturbed. While you're weighing out and heating the oils you will leave the lye mixture sit, undisturbed. Lye gets up to about 200 degrees pretty quickly. Make sure no one and nothing can get to it, but let it sit nonetheless. Weigh your fats and put them in the pan.There’s no hard rule about the amount of sugar, honey or sorbitol to add to soap. Use between 1 and 4 percent sugar/sorbitol per weight of oils. A good place to start is to use 1 teaspoon of sugar, honey or sorbitol per pound of oil. You can adjust and experiment by increasing up to 4 percent of the total oils in your recipe.0.30 ounces lavender essential oil, 0.35 ounces vanilla essential oil, 0.35 ounces lemon essential oil. Scrape soap into the prepared mold and cover. Keep in a warm location (around 75-80 degrees) for 24 hours. Remove from the mold and cut if necessary. If it's still too soft to remove, then wait another 24 hours.Now, too much coconut oil can be drying to the skin, so the recipe matters. Make sure the soap is fully cured- and even the bars with lower longevity in the calculator will last longer. "Hardness" means how hard the bar is after curing. For example.,100% olive oil bars will eventually get hard enough to pound nails.Raj. 18, 1442 AH ... INGREDIENTS · 6 ounces cocoa butter · 5 ounces coconut oil · 5 ounces shea butter · 2.26 ounces lye · 5.05 ounces water &mid...Also, be sure to line your mold ahead of time with freezer paper. ONE: In your soaping gear (gloves, goggles and long sleeves) prepare your Lye Water. TWO: Heat/melt and combine the Coconut Oil, …How to Store Cold Process Soap. After removing cold process soap from the mold and cutting it into bars, the soap needs to cure for four to six weeks. During this time the water used in the recipe evaporates. Cured soap has a firmer texture and lasts longer in the shower. While curing, soap should be stored in a cool, dry and well …How to Store Cold Process Soap. After removing cold process soap from the mold and cutting it into bars, the soap needs to cure for four to six weeks. During this time the water used in the recipe evaporates. Cured soap has a firmer texture and lasts longer in the shower. While curing, soap should be stored in a cool, dry and well …Always wanted to make homemade soap? Here's how to start! Step by step instructions for creating a rich lathering, natural soap using coconut, olive, palm an...These are my favorite 3 Cold Process soap recipes that I tend to stick to when making soap for classes, family and friends. The Avocado Moisturizing Bars from the Soap Crafting …Add the Himalayan salt into your water and mix using a whisk. Now add your water/salt mixture to your Trinity blend and use an immersion blender to mix for approximately 1 minute. Next, pour in your 50/50 lye solution and mix using an immersion blender until mixed completely (approximately 30-60 seconds).Oct 12, 2020 · Pour this colored oil through a fine-mesh sieve/strainer and into the pan of melted oils. Pour the remainder of the liquid oils into the pan of melted oils. Use your spatula to get every last drop. Sprinkle the dried peppermint over the oils and stir it in. Take the temperature of the mixed oils. Try not to breathe it in. Leave outside in a safe place, or in a shallow basin of water, or sink, to cool. If you'd like dark brown honey soap, add the honey to the lye solution now. If not, wait until later to add the honey. Melt the …Washing your hands with soap is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of germs and maintain good hygiene. It’s especially important during cold and flu season, or du...Cold Process Soap Our Handmade Soaps are hand made using 100% natural ingredients in small batches with the utmost love and care in the heart of New Hanover, KwaZulu-Natal. With pride we hand make cruelty free, vegan soaps and they contain no palm oil, artificial fragrances, colourants, SLS or paraben.cold process soap made & designed here in romahapa, in the beautiful catlins of nz. full of lovely ingredients including lots of olive OIl, Coconut Oil & the goodness of shea Butter just to name a few. these oils produce a lovely highly moisturising bar of soap that you are sure to love!What about cold process soaps? Cold process and hot process soaps are made by mixing a lye solution with a combination of oils and fats. The main difference …Cold process soap is a way to control the ingredients completely and ensure that your end product is 100% handmade and natural. You’ll find both solid and liquid oils in most soap recipes. Natural Soap Ingredients. I’ve briefly gone over the three main ingredients you need: oils, sodium hydroxide (lye), and water. If …6 ounces goat milk. 0.65 essential oil of choice. Directions: Combine the tallow, coconut oil, castor oil, apricot kernel oil, hazelnut oil, and avocado oil in a large stainless steel pot on medium heat until melted. Remove from heat and cool until oils are around 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Weigh goat milk and freeze.Jul 31, 2015 · 14. Unmold your soap and, unless it is still soft, go ahead and cut it into bars. TIP: You find information on how to make a DIY soap cutter here to use as a simple soap loaf cutting guide.) I generally discount the amount of water to between 30-33% of the oil weight so that my soap can immediately be cut into bars. Here are my top five finishing touches to create soap that looks professional and finished. 1. Steam Your Soap. Soda ash occurs on soap due to the natural process of unsaponified lye reacting with carbon dioxide in the air. The result is a thin white layer on the top of the soap. LEARN TO USE HERBS & FLOWERS IN SOAP. Subscribe to Soap Tip Tuesdays and I’ll send you my quick start digital guide to Using Herbs & Flowers In Soap. Each Tuesday, you’ll receive one of my best natural soapmaking tips, recipes, or printables. Discover 21 of the top herbs and flowers for making handmade natural soap. YES, I WANT THIS! May 16, 2022 · 6. Slowly pour the lye/water into the oils. Place your immersion blender into the pot, making sure the blade is completely submerged in the mixture, and blend until the soap mixture resembles cake batter (about 3–5 minutes). 7. Add the turmeric, poppy seeds, and essential oils. What is cold process soap? Once cold process soap is poured in the mold, it heats up in a chemical reaction called "saponification." I think it's kind of ironic that it's called cold process when it heats up and then cools down over a period of 24 hours or so. But compared to the hot process, in which the soap is cooked for an additonal period ... This is a 2-pound batch recipe. It’s called a 2-pound recipe because it uses 2 pounds of oils. The 2-pound recipe actually yields roughly 3 pounds of soap. Yield: 3 pounds (or around 12, 4-ounce bars) Cook time: 3 hours. Oils: 21.3 ounces olive oil (1.33 pounds) 3 ounces palm kernel oil. 10 ounces coconut oil.Jan 4, 2011 · Step 3: Wearing your full safety protection, mix your pre-measured lye into your water. Once it has cooled to between 120F to 130F, gently mix the lye water into your melted oils. Step 4: Once your soap has reached light trace, add the Lavender essential oil and colorant (s) of your choice. Dec 27, 2022 · Allow the lye and water mixture to sit, undisturbed. While you're weighing out and heating the oils you will leave the lye mixture sit, undisturbed. Lye gets up to about 200 degrees pretty quickly. Make sure no one and nothing can get to it, but let it sit nonetheless. Weigh your fats and put them in the pan. Always wanted to make homemade soap? Here's how to start! Step by step instructions for creating a rich lathering, natural soap using coconut, olive, palm an...When using the cold process, it will take roughly 4 to 6 weeks for the soap to fully cure. During this time, the soap is undergoing what is known as saponification. The cold process also creates a milder, yet longer-lasting bar of soap than the melt-and-pour process. Step 2: Wrap the SoapLearn how to make your own beautiful cold process soap at home. Discover easy techniques, essential materials and more with Gathered.Place the jug with the green color on the digital scale, tare the scale if necessary, and measure 1/4 of the soap batter in. That will be about 270 g (9.52 oz). With the spatula, gently stir the soap batter into the color until completely mixed in. Pour the rest of the uncolored soap batter into another jug.Cold process soap making is a traditional method of creating soap from scratch using oils, water, and lye ( sodium hydroxide ). This technique is named “cold process” because it …Feb 12, 2015 · To one container, add 2 tsp. dispersed yellow oxide and stir in with a whisk. To the other container, add 1 tsp. dispersed titanium dioxide and whisk in. Add .5 oz of Chamomile Bergamot Fragrance Oil into each container, and use a whisk to thoroughly combine. At the same time, pour each color into opposite sides of the mold. Soap making requires delicate measurements and a ratio of water to lye, and this ratio changes depending on the different oils that are incorporated into a cold-process soap recipe. Therefore, I would recommend running the full recipe, with your chosen substitutions, through a lye calculator to make sure your soap is not too lye heavy.Cover the mold with a towel or plastic wrap to insulate. Allow the soap to set for approximately 24 hours, or until it is firm to the touch. Once set, gently remove the soap from the mold. Now, place the soap bars on a drying rack or a clean surface, and let them cure for about 4 weeks.This guide to cold process soap making for beginners will teach you everything you need to get started. Do you want to learn how to make soap from scratch? Cold process soap making method is what you’re looking …Rab. I 27, 1436 AH ... After lots of trial and error, I have found that using 1%-1.5% is just about perfect. More than that and the soap is kind of tacky/sticky. Less ...There is often some confusion for beginner soap makers between the terms “cold process” and “cold press." The difference between these two terms is actually very significant, but it often results in a topic of contention between beginners and more advanced soap makers, so let’s take a closer look at the two. Cold process …If you're getting unsolicited calls from credit-card telemarketers, you can take steps to quiet your phone and enhance your peace of mind. The same process is available no matter t...Soap is a chemical reaction that occurs as a result of mixing an animal or vegetable fat with a base (sodium hydroxide). This chemical reaction is called …Seaweed soap recipe that makes 5-6 bars using the cold-process method. Ingredients include powdered sea kelp, French green clay, babassu oil, and essential oils. Technical information: 16 oz / 454 g / 1 lb batch — 6% superfat — 31.9% lye concentration.Set the soap on top of parchment paper on a flat surface or a drying rack for two weeks to allow the saponification process to complete and the soap to fully dry. Turn the soap over after two weeks to let it dry on the other side. 4. Cure the soap one month. Let the soap sit, exposed to air for at least one month.Pure Olive Oil: Sometimes also called “Grade A” olive oil, this grade of oil is a blend of virgin olive oil and refined oils. The refining process takes away some of the vitamins, nutrients, and flavor of the oil, but the blending provides a more stable, consistent, oil. Grade A oil is the most commonly used for making soap.Oct 12, 2020 · Pour this colored oil through a fine-mesh sieve/strainer and into the pan of melted oils. Pour the remainder of the liquid oils into the pan of melted oils. Use your spatula to get every last drop. Sprinkle the dried peppermint over the oils and stir it in. Take the temperature of the mixed oils. MAKE EMBEDS: Chop and melt the 10 oz. of LCP Clear Melt and Pour in the microwave using 20 second bursts. Once completely melted, add 1 tsp. of Gold Sparkle Mica and stir until the mica is completely mixed into the soap. Spray with rubbing alcohol to help break up any clumps of mica.The Benefits of Using Handmade, Natural Soap via the Cold Process ... There are many benefits of using soaps that have been crafted by hand. A marketing benefit, ...Tips when stamping cold process or hot process soap. Start with a clean stamp, free from any leftover soap from previous use. If needed, wash the stamp with an old toothbrush to scrub any hard-to-clean spots. Position the stamp on the bar of soap then firmly press it into the surface, being sure that all four corners are evenly pressed.Melt and pour soap bars are a different beast than soaps made using cold process or hot process. Melt and pour soaps should be wrapped once fully hardened to prevent “sweating.” Many melt and pour soap bases contain lots of glycerin which is a natural humectant. Humectants work by absorbing or attracting moisture in the air.Dec 27, 2022 · Allow the lye and water mixture to sit, undisturbed. While you're weighing out and heating the oils you will leave the lye mixture sit, undisturbed. Lye gets up to about 200 degrees pretty quickly. Make sure no one and nothing can get to it, but let it sit nonetheless. Weigh your fats and put them in the pan. Our Soap Cutters are the perfect solution for every soap maker. Whether you make cold process, hot process, or melt and pour, our soap cutters can handle the job.Use our professional wire soap cutters and soap cutting machines to make the same handmade bar soap your customers love at a higher (and more efficient) capacity.From cutting …Increased Offer! Hilton No Annual Fee 70K + Free Night Cert Offer! We are constantly coming across interesting travel and finance related articles that we love to share with our re...Cold Process Handmade Christmas Soap Recipes. I've listed the cold process Christmas soap recipes right at the top, because these are recipes you'll want to make well Christmas actually gets here. Cold process soap takes 4-6 weeks to cure, so you'll want to make these in October or November to have them ready for using and …Cold Process Soap Steps Simplified: Making cold process soap doesn't have to be a complex - we've split the process up below into 9 simple steps so you can create your own luxurious bar of cold-processed …Jan 4, 2011 · Step 3: Wearing your full safety protection, mix your pre-measured lye into your water. Once it has cooled to between 120F to 130F, gently mix the lye water into your melted oils. Step 4: Once your soap has reached light trace, add the Lavender essential oil and colorant (s) of your choice. Jun 1, 2023 · Here’s how to do it: Insulate your soap. One of the easiest ways to encourage a gel phase is to wrap your soap in a towel or blanket to help hold in the heat. This can be done immediately after pouring the soap into the mold. CPOP your soap (Cold Process Oven Process). Place your soap in a warm oven (around 170°F). Rab. II 16, 1442 AH ... You quite literally melt your pre made soap base and customise it to your preferences with colours, fragrances and designs. The soap base itself ...No life, except possibly very small bacteria, would exist on Earth without photosynthesis. HowStuffWorks looks at the process that creates life. Advertisement You probably don't ap...The following recipes will yield approximately 5-6 bars of soap. Safety Reminder: If you are new to cold process soapmaking, please purchase a book and read about the serious safety issues associated with lye. A good book to start with is Susan Miller Cavitch’s “The Soapmakers Companion” When handling lye, please use gloves and goggles …Here are the steps need to make orange soap with orange peel powder and blood orange essential oil: 1. Begin by measuring out the amount of water called for in the recipe into a heat safe container. Next, …Cold Process Handmade Christmas Soap Recipes. I've listed the cold process Christmas soap recipes right at the top, because these are recipes you'll want to make well Christmas actually gets here. Cold process soap takes 4-6 weeks to cure, so you'll want to make these in October or November to have them ready for using and …Combine the coconut oil, olive oil, cocoa butter and palm oil (remember to fully melt then mix your entire container of palm oil before portioning). Allow the lye water and the oils to cool to 130°F or below (and are ideally within 10 degrees of each other). For this recipe, both the oils and lye were around 120°F.Dec 15, 2020 · Cold process soaps are saponified at room temperature, with no warming or rinsing. Sometimes oils can be slightly warmed to achieve a homogenous mixture (for example, when adding coconut oil to a recipe). Cold process soapmaking is quite long. Once the mixture has been poured in a mold, the soap must be cured. This drying process is typically a ... In the cold process of soap making, alkali/lye plus fats/oils are mixed to form soap over approximately 24-36 hours. Since no heat is provided to the mixture, the saponification in the cold process of soap making occurs with the heat produced from a chemical reaction. Add the Himalayan salt into your water and mix using a whisk. Now add your water/salt mixture to your Trinity blend and use an immersion blender to mix for approximately 1 minute. Next, pour in your 50/50 lye solution and mix using an immersion blender until mixed completely (approximately 30-60 seconds).Making cold process soap for the first time can be intimidating. To make the process as easy as possible, we designed the Natural Soap Kit for Beginners with the first-time soaper in mind. The kit comes in three color and fragrance options (orange, lavender and lemongrass) and includes 100% pure essential oils, botanicals, lye, soaping oils, a …It works perfectly with melt and pours, cold process, and hot process soaps alike. Amazon PAID LINK - We may earn a commission if you make a purchase, at no additional cost to you. 03/12/2024 02:14 am GMT . Soap Making Kit for Adults,with Essential Oils, Silicone Soap Mold, Dried Flowers, 2lbs. Shea Butter Soap Base, 4 Colors, 9 LabelsHow to make simple tallow soap using ninety-percent tallow with coconut oil and castor oil to help boost the lather. This 1lb (454g) cold process recipe makes six bars when using the recommended cavity soap mold. Use the toggle below to double or triple the batch. The recipe also has a 5% superfat and a 33% lye concentration.Cold process soap making is a soap-making method that combines oil and an alkali (also known as sodium hydroxide or lye) to make soap without additional or external heat sources. This process of converting the fats or oil into soap (thru the introduction of lye) is call saponification. Most cold-process …

Cold process soap making is the original, traditional method of making soap by combining fat or oil (animal or plant based) with sodium hydroxide lye then blending in addition of essential oils and colorants as required. This treatment causes a chemical reaction called saponification which takes up to 48 hours. Then after an …. Hawaiin cruises

cold process soap

Our comprehensive course is designed for beginners and aspiring soap-making pros. Whether you're pursuing a creative hobby or dreaming of launching your own soap-making business, this course is your key to success. Soap-Making Fundamentals: Discover the basics of cold process soap making. Essential Tools and Materials: … Take the total weight of your soap batch, divide that by 100 and then times that number by 5 (or whatever percentage you wish to superfat). That should give you the amount of argan oil you’d need to use. So, for example, if my batch is 1.3kg and I wanted to superfat with argan oil at 5%, I would follow this calculation: 1300/100*5 = 65g. Learn how to make your own beautiful cold process soap at home. Discover easy techniques, essential materials and more with Gathered.First post, First batch of soap in a mold, First bath bombs! · NaturallyPosh · Thread · Nov 21, 2019 · beer soap cold process soap first batch hops wood...Allow the lye and water mixture to sit, undisturbed. While you're weighing out and heating the oils you will leave the lye mixture sit, undisturbed. Lye gets up to about 200 degrees pretty quickly. Make sure no one and nothing can get to it, but let it sit nonetheless. Weigh your fats and put them in the pan.Soap making is a creative and enjoyable hobby that allows you to craft your own unique soaps using natural ingredients. If you’re new to soap making, it’s important to start with t...Combine the coconut oil, olive oil, cocoa butter and palm oil (remember to fully melt then mix your entire container of palm oil before portioning). Allow the lye water and the oils to cool to 130°F or below (and are ideally within 10 degrees of each other). For this recipe, both the oils and lye were around 120°F.Cover and let the soap set up for 18-24 hours before unmolding and cutting your soap. Your soap is fully saponified after about 48 hours but I recommend letting your soap sit for around 4 weeks to allow the water to evaporate out of the bar. This makes for a harder bar of soap that will last much longer.Combine Tallow, Coconut Oil, and Olive Oil. Heat over medium low heat to melt oils. Add a few handfuls of fresh jewelweed that is crushed with your hands and allow to cool to 90 degrees Fahrenheit. 14 ounces Tallow or Lard, 5 ounces Coconut Oil, 7 ounces Olive Oil, Enough fresh jewelweed to infuse the …Feb 14, 2023 · Cold-process soap bar alternatives. If you’re looking for an alternative to cold-process soap-making, hot-process or melt-and-pour soap bars are great options. Both processes are fairly simple, allowing you to make your own customized and unique soaps with no need for expensive equipment. Throughout the years, I’ve seen some soap makers share the belief that if you use a bar of cold process soap prior to a standard 4 to 6-week cure, the soap will burn your skin due to the presence of lye (Sodium Hydroxide). This is a false belief, and its misunderstanding only helps to create false fear and the spread of misinformation to ...MAKE EMBEDS: Chop and melt the 10 oz. of LCP Clear Melt and Pour in the microwave using 20 second bursts. Once completely melted, add 1 tsp. of Gold Sparkle Mica and stir until the mica is completely mixed into the soap. Spray with rubbing alcohol to help break up any clumps of mica.Leave the lye-solution in a safe place outside or inside, but in a shallow basin of water, or sink, to cool. Ensure that children and animals cannot get into it. Melt the solid oils in a stainless steel pan on very low heat. When melted, remove from the heat and set on a pot holder. Pour in the liquid oils and stir.This is pretty much my go-to recipe when making soap for family, friends and myself. It is also the recipe I use in most of my soapmaking classes. Base Oils & Scent. Coconut Oil – 306 grams (34%) Olive Oil – 306 grams (34%) Avocado Oil – 72 grams (8%) Rice Bran Oil – 126 grams (14%) Shea Butter – 90 grams (10%)Cold-process soap requires making a lye mixture, which is the most difficult part of the process. Read through the recipe, gather the equipment and ingredients and read the cautions about working with lye before you begin. The oil mix is: 50 percent olive oil; 25 percent coconut oil;How to Oven Process. CPOP stands for cold process/oven process. When you are finished creating your cold process soap and have it safely in the mold, you can put it in a warm oven to force the gel stage. One of the main benefits of this is being able to unmold your soap faster. The oven’s heat will evaporate more liquid out of the soap.Add the Himalayan salt into your water and mix using a whisk. Now add your water/salt mixture to your Trinity blend and use an immersion blender to mix for approximately 1 minute. Next, pour in your 50/50 lye solution and mix using an immersion blender until mixed completely (approximately 30-60 seconds).Jan 4, 2011 · Step 3: Wearing your full safety protection, mix your pre-measured lye into your water. Once it has cooled to between 120F to 130F, gently mix the lye water into your melted oils. Step 4: Once your soap has reached light trace, add the Lavender essential oil and colorant (s) of your choice. .

Popular Topics