Bent flyvbjerg - Professor Bent Flyvbjerg, First BT Professor and Inaugural Chair of Major Programme Management, Oxford University’s Saïd Business School and Villum Kann Rasmussen Professor and Chair of Major Program Management, IT University of Copenhagen, the author of How Big Things Get Done and Megaprojects and Risk, joined …

 
Bent Flyvbjerg. University of Oxford - Said Business School; IT University of Copenhagen; St Anne's College, University of Oxford. Date Written: August 1, 2006. Abstract. A major source of risk in project management is inaccurate forecasts of project costs, demand, and other impacts. The paper presents a …. Ultra surf

Bent Flyvbjerg is professor of planning in the Department of Development and Planning at Aalborg University, Denmark. He was twice a Visiting Fulbright Scholar to the United States, where he did research at University of California–Los Angeles, University of California–Berkeley, and Harvard University.1 Explanatory note: The "me" and "I" in the narrative refer to Bent Flyvbjerg, here and throughout the book. 2 Ticket cost estimates were provided in a range of scenarios, with a low of $68 and a ...Bent Flyvbjerg. University of Oxford - Said Business School; IT University of Copenhagen; St Anne's College, University of Oxford. Allison Stewart. University of Oxford; University of Oxford - Said Business School. Date Written: June 1, 2012. Abstract. Do different types of megaprojects have different cost overruns? …Bent Flyvbjerg. 2011, In Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln, eds., The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, 4th edition, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 301-316. At the same time that case studies are widely used and have produced canonical texts, it may be observed that the case study as a methodology is generally held in low regard, or is ...Bent Flyvbjerg. University of Oxford - Said Business School; IT University of Copenhagen; St Anne's College, University of Oxford. Date Written: April 7, 2014. …Bent Flyvbjerg is the first BT Professor at Oxford University and the VKR Professor at the IT University of Copenhagen, an economist, and “the world’s leading megaproject expert,” according to global accounting network KPMG. He has consulted on over one hundred projects costing $1 billion or more and has been knighted by the Queen …Bent Flyvbjerg, BT Professor and Chair of Major Programme Management, Saïd Business School, University of Oxford Bent Flyvbjerg is the first BT Professor and inaugural Chair of Major Programme Management at the University of Oxford. He is the author or editor of 10 books and more than 200 papers. His …Flyvbjerg shows how you can. • Know that your biggest risk is you. Full of vivid examples ranging from the building of the Sydney Opera House, to the making of the latest Pixar blockbusters, to a home renovation in Brooklyn gone awry, reveals how to get any ambitious project done—on time and on budget. $28.99 …All content in this area was uploaded by Bent Flyvbjerg on Jun 06, 2022 . Content may be subject to copyright. Atif Ansar & Bent Flyvbjerg 202 2© 1 .Jun 30, 2021 ... IT-Universitetet har med en bevilling på 30 millioner kroner fra Villum Fonden rekrutteret den internationale topforsker Bent Flyvbjerg fra ...If you’ve recently been involved in a collision or accident, you may be facing the unfortunate issue of a bent subframe. The subframe is an essential component of your vehicle’s ch... World expert Bent Flyvbjerg and bestselling author Dan Gardner reveal the secrets to successfully planning and delivering ambitious projects on any scale. Nothing is more inspiring than a big vision that becomes a triumphant new reality. Think of how Apple’s iPod went from a project with a single ... Making Social Science Matter. Bent Flyvbjerg. 2012, In Georgios Papanagnou, ed., Social Science and Policy Challenges: Democracy, Values, and Capacities, Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp. 25-56. If we want to empower and re-enchant social scientific research, we need to do three things. First, we must drop all pretence, … Bent Flyvbjerg leder en banebrydende forskningsindsats ved Oxford Universitet, der har udviklet den største forskningsbaserede database i verden vedrørende IT-projekters performance. Formålet med forskningsindsatsen og databasen er at udvikle og teste grundlæggende teorier om dybe risici i IT-investeringer, der blandt andet vil forklare ... 10 maj. Professorens guide til projektledelse af store forandringer – med Bent Flyvbjerg. I dag skal du møde verdens mest citerede projektledelsesforsker, Bent Flyvbjerg. Og du kan godt glæde dig: Udover at være professor på ITU og Oxford er han nemlig en fænomenal formidler.See all articles by Bent Flyvbjerg Bent Flyvbjerg. University of Oxford - Said Business School; IT University of Copenhagen; St Anne's College, University of Oxford. Date Written: July 11, 2022. Abstract. Heuristics are fast and frugal rules of thumb, used to simplify complex decisions. First, the paper …Bent Flyvbjerg es profesor de la Universidad de Oxford y de la Universidad IT de Copenhague, geógrafo económico y "el mayor experto mundial en megaproyectos", según la red global de firmas de servicios profesionales KPMG. Ha ejercido como consultor para más de cien empresas valoradas en más de mil millones de … We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. [Bent Flyvbjerg]: Nuclear power, as discussed in our book, is a prime example of a sector struggling with bespoke and slow processes. Each nuclear plant is uniquely designed, leading to incredibly high costs and some of the largest cost overruns across the 23 product types we studied.The answer lies in what I call the “four sublimes” of megaprojects. The first of these, the technological sublime, is a term variously attributed to Miller and Marx (no, not that Marx!) to …Feb 28, 2024 ... This is the 3rd part of the interpretation(summary) of 'How Big Things Get Done. (by Bent Flyvbjerg )':Industrialization of Creativity. Bent Flyvbjerg. 2011, In Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln, eds., The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, 4th edition, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 301-316. At the same time that case studies are widely used and have produced canonical texts, it may be observed that the case study as a methodology is generally held in low regard, or is ... It is an issue of some contestation as to whether generalization is an appropriate requisite to demand of case study research in any case. The author argues that the critique is misdirected, and based on Bent Flyvbjerg’s concept of a “critical case,” ways of generalizing from case studies are indicated (Iran/Iraq War of 1980).Mar 20, 2023 · Bent Flyvbjerg is BT professor and chair of major programme management at Saïd Business School. Read more of Bent's blogs here: ' Tokyo 2020: what the postponed Olympics can teach us about crisis response ', and 'Why we need ‘smart scale-up’ to deliver cities of the future' My first megaproject was Nepal’s Basic and Primary Education Program (BPEP). This was a billion-dollar venture to improve schooling across Nepal, including the construction of 20,000 new schools and classrooms, during the 1990s and 2000s. I had been hired by Danida — the Danish International Development …Feb 11, 2022 · Second, we list the top-ten behavioral biases in project management: strategic misrepresentation; optimism and uniqueness bias; the planning fallacy; overconfidence, availability, and hindsight bias; the base-rate fallacy; anchoring; and escalation of commitment. Each bias is defined and its impacts on project management explained, with examples. Bent Flyvbjerg is the first BT Professor and inaugural Chair of Major Programme Management at the University of Oxford's Saïd Business School and the Villum Kann Rasmussen Professor and Chair at the IT University of Copenhagen. He is the most cited scholar in the world in project management. His books and …1. Five key questions about cost overrun. Cost overrun in large capital investment projects can be hugely damaging, incurring outsize losses on investors and tax payers, compromising chief executives and their organizations, and even leading to bankruptcy (Flyvbjerg et al., 2009, Flyvbjerg and Budzier, …Flyvbjerg, Bent and Budzier, Alexander and Lunn, Daniel, Regression to the Tail: Why the Olympics Blow Up (September 1, 2020). Flyvbjerg, Bent, Alexander Budzier, and Daniel Lunn, forthcoming, "Regression to the Tail: Why the Olympics Blow Up," accepted for publication, Environment and Planning …Bent Flyvbjerg (født 10. december 1952) er en internationalt kendt dansk samfundsforsker, som især beskæftiger sig med at undersøge og skabe teorier for store anlægsinvesteringer. Han er uddannet cand.scient i geografi og økonomi og blev i 1979 ansat ved Aalborg Universitet , hvor han blev dr.techn. i 1991 .1 Explanatory note: The "me" and "I" in the narrative refer to Bent Flyvbjerg, here and throughout the book. 2 Ticket cost estimates were provided in a range of scenarios, with a low of $68 and a ...Bent Flyvbjerg is Founding Chair of Major Programme Management at Oxford University's Saïd Business School and Director of the Oxford Centre for Major Programme Management. Previously, he was Professor in the Department of Planning and Development at Aalborg University. He is the author of the highly successful Making …Bent Flyvbjerg. Back cover text: Megaprojects and Risk provides the first detailed examination of the phenomenon of megaprojects. It is a fascinating account of how the promoters of multi-billion dollar megaprojects systematically and self-servingly misinform parliaments, the public and the media in order to get projects approved …Bent Flyvbjerg is the first BT Professor at Oxford University and the VKR Professor at the IT University of Copenhagen, an economist, and “the world’s leading megaproject expert,” according to global accounting network KPMG. He has consulted on over one hundred projects costing $1 billion or more and has been knighted by the Queen …Flyvbjerg, Bent and Budzier, Alexander and Lunn, Daniel, Regression to the Tail: Why the Olympics Blow Up (September 1, 2020). Flyvbjerg, Bent, Alexander Budzier, and Daniel Lunn, forthcoming, "Regression to the Tail: Why the Olympics Blow Up," accepted for publication, Environment and Planning …Bent Flyvbjerg shows that rationality is context-dependent and that the crucial context is determined by decision-makers' power. Power blurs the dividing line between rationality and rationalization. The result is a rationality that is often as imaginary as the time in Little Town, yet with very real social and environmental … Alle bøger af Bent Flyvbjerg. Født: 10 december 1952 i Danmark. Kendt som: Professor. Udvalgte bøger: How Big Things Get Done (2023), Megaprojects and Risk (2003), Samfundsvidenskab som virker (2009) Bent Flyvbjerg er en internationalt anerkendt forsker og professor. Han er oprindeligt uddannet cand.scient i geografi og økonomi samt dr. techn. Bent Flyvbjerg is the first BT Professor at Oxford University and the VKR Professor at the IT University of Copenhagen, an economist, and “the world’s leading megaproject expert,” according to global accounting network KPMG. He has consulted on over one hundred projects costing $1 billion or more and has been knighted by the Queen …Bent Flyvbjerg 1 Affiliation 1 Major Programme Management, University of Oxford, UK. PMID: 33041651 PMCID: PMC7533687 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2020.08.013 Abstract Regression to the mean is nice and reliable. Regression to the tail is reliably scary. We live in the age of regression to the tail. ...Flyvbjerg Case Study Summary. In his dissertation, Bent Flyvbjerg examines the definition of a case study. In doing so, Flyvbjerg points out five common misunderstandings about the validity of case studies and provides explanations to contest and refute the misconceptions. To elucidate, the Flyvbjerg’s identifies the …Aug 2, 2023 · Professor Bent Flyvbjerg, First BT Professor and Inaugural Chair of Major Programme Management, Oxford University’s Saïd Business School and Villum Kann Rasmussen Professor and Chair of Major Program Management, IT University of Copenhagen, the author of How Big Things Get Done and Megaprojects and Risk, joined the Secretary in the July 26 ... Bent Flyvbjerg shows that rationality is context-dependent and that the crucial context is determined by decision-makers' power. Power blurs the dividing line between rationality and rationalization. The result is a rationality that is often as imaginary as the time in Little Town, yet with very real social and environmental …An economist who spent decades studying ’megaprojects’ has some advice for getting them right: Think slow, act fast and build brick by tiny plastic brick. One way to learn how the world’s ...Where Flyvbjerg et al. (2005) briefly outlined the idea of reference class forecasting, this paper details the method and presents the first instance of reference class forecasting in practical ...Jul 16, 2012 ... Flyvbjerg has since developed a broader theory of social science as “phronesis,” the Greek word for practical wisdom. His theory has been highly ...Bent Flyvbjerg is a Danish economic geographer. He was the First BT Professor and Inaugural Chair of Major Programme Management at Oxford University's Saïd Business School (retiring from the post in 2021) and is the Villum Kann Rasmussen Professor and Chair of Major Program Management at the IT … See moreJul 16, 2012 ... Flyvbjerg has since developed a broader theory of social science as “phronesis,” the Greek word for practical wisdom. His theory has been highly ...Bent Flyvbjerg has a sobering statistic to share: 99.5% of major projects fail to deliver their targeted results on time and on budget. His new book How Big Things Get Done, coauthored with Dan Gardner, explores this phenomenon—from infrastructure projects to major sporting events to corporate transformations.Twitter now classifies American news nonprofit NPR the same way that it handles RT, the infamous Russian state-backed mouthpiece After taking over last year, Twitter’s new owner ha...Bent Flyvbjerg Professor and Founding Chair of Major Programme Management Said Business School Oxford University Draft 9.2 Full reference: Bent Flyvbjerg, 2014, "What You Should Know about Megaprojects and Why: An Overview," Project Management Journal, vol. 45, no. 2, April-May, pp. 6-19, DOI: …My first megaproject was Nepal’s Basic and Primary Education Program (BPEP). This was a billion-dollar venture to improve schooling across Nepal, including the construction of 20,000 new schools and classrooms, during the 1990s and 2000s. I had been hired by Danida — the Danish International Development …Bent Flyvbjerg is the first BT Professor and inaugural Chair of Major Programme Management at the University of Oxford’s Saïd Business School, the Villum Kann Rasmussen Professor and Chair of Major Program Management at the IT University of Copenhagen’s Computer Science Department, and Senior …Flyvbjerg shows how you can. • Know that your biggest risk is you. Full of vivid examples ranging from the building of the Sydney Opera House, to the making of the latest Pixar blockbusters, to a home renovation in Brooklyn gone awry, reveals how to get any ambitious project done—on time and on budget. $28.99 … Bent Flyvbjerg Titles . Villum Kann Rasmussen Professor and Chair in Major Program Management; First BT Professor and Inaugural Chair in Major Program Management, University of Oxford; Sep 15, 2020 · To compare, Flyvbjerg et al. (2002) found average cost overruns in major transportation investments of 20 percent for roads, 34 percent for large bridges and tunnels, and 45 percent for rail; Ansar et al. (2014) found 90 percent overrun for megadams; and Budzier and Flyvbjerg (2011) 107 percent for major IT investments, all in real terms and ... Bent Flyvbjerg is the first BT Professor and Chair at Oxford University and the VKR Professor and Chair at the IT University of Copenhagen. He is the most cited scholar in the world in project management and included on Stanford University's prestigious Top 2% of most cited scholars in the world. He's a frequent commentator in …Emeritus Professor. [email protected]. +44 (0)1865 288851. Saïd Business School. University of Oxford. Park End Street. Oxford. OX1 1HP. Profile. Bent Flyvbjerg was the first BT Professor of Major …Bent Flyvbjerg, Professor at IT-University of Copenhagen and University of Oxford, has recently had his book How Big Things Get Done published. The book has received a spectacular welcome and a massive press coverage worldwide. During Bent Flyvbjerg’s long career he has specialized in so-called mega-projects – a phenomena …Bent Flyvbjerg is the first BT Professor at Oxford University and the VKR Professor at the IT University of Copenhagen, an economist, and “the world’s leading megaproject expert,” according to global accounting network KPMG. He has consulted on over one hundred projects costing $1 billion or more and has been knighted by the Queen …Megaprojects and Risk: An Anatomy of Ambition is a 2003 book by Bent Flyvbjerg, Nils Bruzelius, and Werner Rothengatter, published by Cambridge University Press.According to chief economist and director of transportation policy at Infrastructure Management Group, Inc., Porter K. Wheeler, "this book makes an important contribution to understanding the …Bent Flyvbjerg is the first BT Professor at Oxford University and the VKR Professor at the IT University of Copenhagen, an economist, and “the world’s leading megaproject expert,” according to global accounting network KPMG. He has consulted on over one hundred projects costing $1 billion or more and has been knighted by the Queen …May 10, 2023 ... I dag skal du møde verdens mest citerede projektledelsesforsker, Bent Flyvbjerg. Og du kan godt glæde dig: Udover at være professor på ITU ...Stress is a regular part of life but some stressors are bigger than others. Here are the biggest stressors in life. Stress is an inevitable part of life, and it’s not always bad. S...Parents, you’ve heard the advice: When taking a long flight or road trip with little kids, make sure to bring activities. And so you do. As soon as the young travelers buckle their...Bent Flyvbjerg is the first BT Professor at Oxford University and the VKR Professor at the IT University of Copenhagen, an economist, and “the world’s leading megaproject expert,” according to global accounting network KPMG. He has consulted on over one hundred projects costing $1 billion or more and has been knighted by the Queen …How Big Things Get Done (2023) by Bent Flyvbjerg and Dan Gardner is about Flyvbjerg’s area of expertise, that of large projects and their success rates. The book starts by describing how the record of big projects is worse than people think. Flyvbjerg has built up a database of 16,000 projects that details how projects typically end up.Oct 2, 2013 · Journal of Political Power, June 2014. Number of pages: 64 Posted: 01 Jul 2014 Last Revised: 08 Jul 2014. Bent Flyvbjerg, Stewart R. Clegg and Mark Haugaard. University of Oxford - Said Business SchoolIT University of Copenhagen, University of Technology, Sydney - School of Management and University of Galway. Buy. Read An Excerpt. How Big Things Get Done. The Surprising Factors That Determine the Fate of Every Project, from Home Renovations to Space Exploration and Everything …See all articles by Bent Flyvbjerg Bent Flyvbjerg. University of Oxford - Said Business School; IT University of Copenhagen; St Anne's College, University of Oxford. Date Written: July 11, 2022. Abstract. Heuristics are fast and frugal rules of thumb, used to simplify complex decisions. First, the paper …[Bent Flyvbjerg]: Nuclear power, as discussed in our book, is a prime example of a sector struggling with bespoke and slow processes. Each nuclear plant is uniquely designed, leading to incredibly high costs and some of the largest cost overruns across the 23 product types we studied.Feb 11, 2022 · Second, we list the top-ten behavioral biases in project management: strategic misrepresentation; optimism and uniqueness bias; the planning fallacy; overconfidence, availability, and hindsight bias; the base-rate fallacy; anchoring; and escalation of commitment. Each bias is defined and its impacts on project management explained, with examples. Bent Flyvbjerg argues that the strength of social sciences lies in its rich, reflexive analysis of values and power, essential to the social and economic development of any society. Richly informed, powerfully argued, and clearly written, this book opens up a new future for the social sciences. Its empowering message will make it required ...Bent Flyvbjerg is the first BT Professor at Oxford University and the VKR Professor at the IT University of Copenhagen, an economist, and “the world’s leading megaproject expert,” according to global accounting network KPMG. He has consulted on over one hundred projects costing $1 billion or more and has been knighted by the Queen …Bent Flyvbjerg is the first BT Professor and inaugural Chair of Major Programme Management at the University of Oxford’s Saïd Business School, the Villum Kann Rasmussen Professor and Chair of Major Program Management at the IT University of Copenhagen’s Computer Science Department, and Senior …To compare, Flyvbjerg et al. (2002) found average cost overruns in major transportation investments of 20 percent for roads, 34 percent for large bridges and tunnels, and 45 percent for rail; Ansar et al. (2014) found 90 percent overrun for megadams; and Budzier and Flyvbjerg (2011) 107 percent for major IT investments, all in real terms and ...Sep 4, 2009 ... Additional information. Notes on contributors. Bent Flyvbjerg Footnote. Bent Flyvbjerg, Department of Development & Planning, Aalborg University ...Bent has lent his name to the so-called ‘Flyvbjerg Debate’, which is a debate over the role of social science in society in response to his book Making Social Science Matter. His research is widely cited in academia, policy, practice and media. Find out more about Bent’s research. Recent Publications. Google Scholar: https://bit.ly/3uCiWJ3Bent Flyvbjerg is the first BT Professor and inaugural Chair of Major Programme Management at the University of Oxford's Saïd Business School, the Villum Kann …Dams are often justified with projections that are unattainable by erring on the risky side of planning and relying on overly positive assessments of future gains and benefits …Jun 2, 2022 · Bent Flyvbjerg (Contact Author) University of Oxford - Said Business School ( email) Oxford Great Britain. IT University of Copenhagen ( email) Copenhagen Denmark. Abstract. Scale-up is the process of growing a venture in size. The paper identifies modularity and speed as keys to successful scale-up. On that basis four types of scale-up are identified: Smart, dumb, forced, and fumbled. Smart scale-up combines modularity and speed. Dumb scale-up is bespoke and slow, …Mar 20, 2023 · Bent Flyvbjerg is BT professor and chair of major programme management at Saïd Business School. Read more of Bent's blogs here: ' Tokyo 2020: what the postponed Olympics can teach us about crisis response ', and 'Why we need ‘smart scale-up’ to deliver cities of the future' Bent Flyvbjerg. University of Oxford - Said Business School; IT University of Copenhagen; St Anne's College, University of Oxford. Date Written: 2015. Abstract. Our research documents that projects across industries and geographies struggle to meet the most basic targets. Nine out of ten transport … World expert Bent Flyvbjerg and bestselling author Dan Gardner reveal the secrets to successfully planning and delivering ambitious projects on any scale. Nothing is more inspiring than a big vision that becomes a triumphant new reality. Think of how Apple’s iPod went from a project with a single ... Sep 28, 2021 · See all articles by Bent Flyvbjerg Bent Flyvbjerg. University of Oxford - Said Business School; IT University of Copenhagen; St Anne's College, University of Oxford. Dirk W. Bester. University of Oxford The paper presents a promising new approach to mitigating such risk based on theories of decision-making under uncertainty, which won the 2002 Nobel Prize in economics. First, the paper documents inaccuracy and risk in project management. Second, it explains inaccuracy in terms of optimism bias and strategic misrepresentation.In this episode of The Thinking Leader Bryce Hoffman and Marcus Dimbleby talk with Bent Flyvbjerg, the world's leading megaproject expert, economic geographe...Mar 26, 2023 · Join Professor Bent Flyvbjerg, the world’s leading megaproject expert, for a discussion on the factors that lead projects to fail, whether big or small, and ... Bent Flyvbjerg was teamleader for the research on which the book is based and is principal author of the book. We apologise to anyone we have forgotten to mention here. Responsibility for errors or omissions in this book remains ours alone. 1 The megaprojects paradox A new animal Wherever we go in the world, we are …

Bent Flyvbjerg. Back cover text: Megaprojects and Risk provides the first detailed examination of the phenomenon of megaprojects. It is a fascinating account of how the promoters of multi-billion dollar megaprojects systematically and self-servingly misinform parliaments, the public and the media in order to get projects approved …. Logo test

bent flyvbjerg

Bent Flyvbjerg. University of Oxford - Said Business School; IT University of Copenhagen; St Anne's College, University of Oxford. Dirk W. Bester. University of Oxford. Date Written: September 6, 2021. Abstract. Most cost-benefit analyses assume that the estimates of costs and benefits are more or less accurate and unbiased. But what if, in ...Emeritus Professor. [email protected]. +44 (0)1865 288851. Saïd Business School. University of Oxford. Park End Street. Oxford. OX1 1HP. Profile. Bent Flyvbjerg was the first BT Professor of Major …Jun 22, 2020 ... We will use the recent controversy between Hirschman and Flyvbjerg to trace this academic imposition to a narrow notion of a project and to find ...*) For full references and a full version of the text, see Flyvbjerg, Bent, 2021, “Top Ten Behavioral Biases in Project Management: An Overview,” Project Management Journal, vol. 52, no. 6, pp ...Bent Flyvbjerg is the first BT Professor at Oxford University and the VKR Professor at the IT University of Copenhagen, an economist, and “the world’s leading megaproject expert,” according to global accounting network KPMG. He has consulted on over one hundred projects costing $1 billion or more and has been …Flyvbjerg, Bent and Budzier, Alexander and Lunn, Daniel, Regression to the Tail: Why the Olympics Blow Up (September 1, 2020). Flyvbjerg, Bent, Alexander Budzier, and Daniel Lunn, forthcoming, "Regression to the Tail: Why the Olympics Blow Up," accepted for publication, Environment and Planning …Megaprojects and Risk: An Anatomy of Ambition is a 2003 book by Bent Flyvbjerg, Nils Bruzelius, and Werner Rothengatter, published by Cambridge University Press.According to chief economist and director of transportation policy at Infrastructure Management Group, Inc., Porter K. Wheeler, "this book makes an important contribution to understanding the …Jun 30, 2021 ... IT-Universitetet har med en bevilling på 30 millioner kroner fra Villum Fonden rekrutteret den internationale topforsker Bent Flyvbjerg fra ...Sep 15, 2020 · To compare, Flyvbjerg et al. (2002) found average cost overruns in major transportation investments of 20 percent for roads, 34 percent for large bridges and tunnels, and 45 percent for rail; Ansar et al. (2014) found 90 percent overrun for megadams; and Budzier and Flyvbjerg (2011) 107 percent for major IT investments, all in real terms and ... .

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