Aug 3, 2022 · It amends the Anti-Pornography Act or Republic Act No. 9775 to give more teeth to the law to protect minors against online sexual exploitation, disregarding any form of consent from the child. AN ACT DEFINING THE CRIME OF CHILD PORNOGRAPHY, PRESCRIBING PENALTIES THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled: Section 1. Short Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009." Section 2. Declaration of …Peter Gerard Scully (born 13 January 1963) is an Australian sex offender imprisoned for life in the Philippines after being convicted of one count of human trafficking and five counts of rape by sexual assault of children. [2] Scully was sentenced to life imprisonment in June 2018. In November 2022, he received a second conviction and was ... MANILA, Philippines - The Philippines has become a top global source of child pornography with around 80% of Filipino kids at risk of online sexual abuse or bullying, a global Unicef report...Public Domain Widely known as the "world's worst pedophile," Peter Scully is serving a life sentence plus 129 years for assaulting dozens of children in the Philippines. With a family and a home in the Melbourne suburbs, Peter Scully appeared to be an average Australian man. However, in 2011, he fled to the Philippines to escape a multi ...• CWC proposed Child Pornography and Trafficking to be included in the President's Speech to the 26th ASEAN Summit to be recognized as ASEAN issue and call for ... • In 2015, IJM Philippines provided aftercare services for 77 victims of child pornography and cybercrime: • medical attention • legal assistance • Education • ALSThe Philippines has become the global epicentre of the live-stream sexual abuse trade. In some parts of the country, such as Mactan Island in Cebu, there are …Metro Manila (CNN Philippines, July 14) — Cybercrime activities, such as pornography and online scamming, were also conducted inside the Philippine Offshore Gaming Operator (POGO) complex in Las ...Once he is released from prison in 2073, Stiger will undergo 10 years of supervised release, according to Totten. Tye Stiger, 35, of Jonesville, was sentenced to spend 50 years behind bars for ...Existing laws punishing Internet crimes in the Philippines are the Anti-Photo and Voyeurism Act of 2009, Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009, and Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003.America's bases in the Philippines played a vital role during the Vietnam War, and after the fall of South Vietnam in 1975, they served as a counterweight to the Soviet naval base in Cam Ranh Bay."Grimes exploited poverty in the Philippines to gain access to multiple young girls," said U.S. Attorney Ryan K. Buchanan. ... Justin Levi Marino has been sentenced for the possession and distribution of child pornography and for violating the conditions of his supervised release for a prior child exploitation federal conviction. March 3 ...The NTC said it issued show cause orders to ISPs "for failing to install available technology, program or software that will block access or filter all websites carrying child pornography ...All the nations had a significant increase in WRSV coronavirus-themed pornography for each keyword (p < 0.01) with an AWPC, ranging worldwide between 18.5 and 61.8 (p < 0.01), after the beginning ...INQUIRER.net / 05:22 PM October 15, 2019. MANILA, Philippines — As the number of internet users in the country increases, the Philippine National Police (PNP) has also recorded a consistent ...Planning a trip to the Philippines? One of the biggest expenses you’ll encounter is the cost of airline tickets. Luckily, Philippine Airlines frequently offers promo fares that can save you a significant amount of money.Watch Philippines porn videos for free, here on Pornhub.com. Discover the growing collection of high quality Most Relevant XXX movies and clips. No other sex tube is more …Oct. 4, 2023 3:13 PM PT. A 62-year-old employee of the Los Angeles County Public Works Department was arrested Tuesday on suspicion of possession of child …About 20% of men view porn while at work. One in five men, or 20%, admit to watching porn online at work. About 13% of women do. [7] Pornography addiction as a behavioral addiction that causes serious negative consequences of physical, mental, social, and/or financial well-being is hugely debated.Interestingly, in the Philippines, women make up the majority of pornhub’s viewers (52 percent). Germany ranks lowest (28%) but is only a couple points lower than the U.K. and other European ...Child prostitution usually manifests in the form of sex trafficking, in which a child is kidnapped or tricked into becoming involved in the sex trade, or survival sex, in which the child engages in sexual activities to procure basic essentials such as food and shelter. Prostitution of children is commonly associated with child pornography, and ...Peter Gerard Scully (born 13 January 1963) is an Australian sex offender imprisoned for life in the Philippines after being convicted of one count of human trafficking and five counts of rape by sexual assault of children. Scully was sentenced to life imprisonment in June 2018. In November 2022, he received a second conviction and was sentenced to an additional …Dec 12, 2018 · Filipinos also mostly searched their porn using their mobile phones, having recorded 86 percent of traffic. Some spent time watching on their tablets with 8 percent, while the rest from the stats ... Banned because of pornography, but after a court case it was allowed. 1974-2001 The Texas Chain Saw Massacre: Banned due to high gore violence and cruelty. Ban lifted in 2001. 1981 Mad Max: Banned because of violent content. 1983 Hell of the Living Dead [further explanation needed] Released uncut on DVD in the mid-2000s.In 2009, following advocacy by UNICEF and others, child sexual abuse materials (also known as child pornography) were made illegal in the Philippines for the first time. But more needs to be done.Peter Gerard Scully (born 13 January 1963) is an Australian sex offender imprisoned for life in the Philippines after being convicted of one count of human trafficking and five counts of rape by sexual assault of children. [2] Scully was sentenced to life imprisonment in June 2018. In November 2022, he received a second conviction and was ... The Philippines recognizes the severity of the problem; it has made it their top cybercrime priority and passed legislation in 2009 cracking down on child pornography of any kind. But an increasingly connected and technologically advanced world makes it difficult for the Philippines to tackle the problem on its own.Kainpopoy. Kainpopoy is a hot Filipina and Pinay porn site that lets you watch free videos from select niches such as Asian, Pinay, Western Sex, Pinay Scandal videos and much more! PinayViralSexx. Pinay Viral Sex gives you all the hot and sexy Asian and Pinay porn you want to jerk off to.Planning a trip to the Philippines? One of the biggest expenses you’ll encounter is the cost of airline tickets. Luckily, Philippine Airlines frequently offers promo fares that can save you a significant amount of money.There have been more cases of non-consensual pornography reported to a dedicated UK helpline so far this year than in all of 2019. Around two-thirds of cases reported to the helpline involve women.Filipino pornographic film actors (1 C) Pages in category "Philippine pornography" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. This list may not reflect recent …The Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom (abbreviated as MCPIF, or #MCPIF for online usage) is an internet law bill filed in the Congress of the Philippines.The bill contains provisions promoting civil and political rights and Constitutional guarantees for Philippine internet users, such as freedom of expression, as well as provisions on information and communications technology (ICT ... More than 200 Australians have collectively paid more than $1.3 million to watch live streamed child sexual abuse filmed in the Philippines. In the video above, a report in December found Facebook responsible for two thirds of all reported online child sex abuse. Watch the latest news and stream for free on 7plus >>.The Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography is a protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and requires parties to prohibit the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography . The Protocol was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2000 [2] and entered into force on ...THE PHILIPPINES' recent "cyber-fame" has proven that not all publicity is good publicity after all. The country has been declared one of the top 10 countries where cyberpornography is prevalent. ... A police investigation revealed that Cebu is among the top four sites for online pornography, along with Angeles City, Cagayan de Oro and ...In the Philippines, pornography is defined by Republic Act No. 10364 as “any representation, through publication, exhibition, cinematography, indecent shows, information technology, or by whatever means, of a person engaged in real or simulated explicit sexual activities or any representation of the sexual parts of a person for primarilyBackground. Advances in information and communication technologies facilitate opportunities for sexual exploitation and abuse of children online (SEACO). Despite the presence of laws against child pornography, trafficking, and cybercrime, the Philippines has become known as a key hub of the billion-dollar global child cybersex industry.Nov 17, 2009 · Republic Act No. 9775. AN ACT DEFINING THE CRIME OF CHILD PORNOGRAPHY, PRESCRIBING PENALTIES THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled: Section 1. Short Title. – This Act shall be known as the “Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009.”. Section 2. The 2014 List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor reported 13 goods produced exclusively by child labor in the Philippines. These included 8 agricultural goods (namely sugarcane, bananas, coconuts, corn, hogs, rice, rubber, and tobacco). Gold mining, pornography and pyrotechnics complete the list. Philippine legislation on child laborPDF | On Jun 8, 2022, Nurhikmah Mubarak Ali and others published Pornography Addiction: A Case Study | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGatePornography, or porn, does not endorse a single ethic or approach to sex. Some people may find that there are psychological benefits, while others may argue that porn is bad due to possible risks ...US Adult Internet User Demographics - Age. Pornography Time Statistics. Every second - $3,075.64 is being spent on pornography. Every second - 28,258 Internet users are viewing pornography. Every second - 372 Internet users are typing adult search terms into search engines. Every 39 minutes: a new pornographic video is being created in ...Citing data from the Department of Justice, Save the Children Philippines expressed concern in 2020 after online sexual abuse and exploitation against children saw a 246.6% increase during the ...PDF | On Jun 8, 2022, Nurhikmah Mubarak Ali and others published Pornography Addiction: A Case Study | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGateMay 4, 2023 · MANILA, Philippines — Wireless giant Globe Telecom Inc. blocked more than 65,000 child pornography sites in the first quarter in support of government initiatives to protect children from sexual ... The Philippines has become the world's largest known source of online child sexual exploitation, with endemic poverty helping drive a surge in abuse, a report said Thursday. Parents and relatives ...MANILA, Philippines -- An overwhelming majority of Filipino men watch pornographic materials, according to a survey conducted by a local men's magazine. ... Of the total participants, 9% said they have yet to engage in sex, and turn to pornography for sexual satisfaction. When given options on their preferred kind of sexual intercourse to be ...Rape and sexual assault result from a combination of structural and cultural factors. Up to one-third of U.S. women experience a rape or sexual assault, including attempts, in their lifetime. Pornography is another form of violence against women. Important questions remain regarding whether pornography leads to further violence against women ...When the Philippines National Telecommunications Commission in February 2021 issued 'show cause' orders against 47 internet service providers for their failure to block child pornography, the ...Filipina Shemale Porn Videos. Sex is big business in the Philippines and much of the porn produced in the country features ladyboy prostitutes hired by Americans looking for a good time. Amateur Filipina webcam t-girls contribute a healthy number of videos as well, making more money than they would otherwise. More Trans Chat with x Hamster Live ...Although numerous anti-pornography laws such as Pornography Control Act, 2012, Bangladesh Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, Bangladesh Evidence Act, 1872, and Bangladesh ICT Act, 2006 have been issued in Bangladesh, addiction to online pornography is a major concern. Revision and efficient implementation of these legislations are recommended.Penalizing Cybersex. In the Philippines, the operation of cybersex dens is increasingly becoming a huge concern. From the early 2000s, various sex dens have been raided, resulting in the arrests of perpetrators and rescues of victims [1], some of them being minors as young as two years old [2]. Filling the gaps in previous laws, the Cybercrime ...The Philippines recognizes the severity of the problem; it has made it their top cybercrime priority and passed legislation in 2009 cracking down on child …Published: Oct. 6, 2023 at 3:11 PM PDT. TOPEKA, Kan. (WIBW) - A Mission man has been sentenced to 108 months in prison for distribution of child pornography. …Abstract. The goal of this review was to systematize empirical research that was published in peer-reviewed English-language journals between 1995 and 2015 on the prevalence, predictors, and implications of adolescents’ use of pornography. This research showed that adolescents use pornography, but prevalence rates varied greatly.One way to prevent youngsters from turning into pornography addicts is by strengthening family relationships and talking to them about sex, said Dennis M. Espique, broadcaster and social researcher for "The World Needs a Father Philippines."A person types on a laptop. (AP photo/Wilfredo Lee, File) (CN) — A Ninth Circuit panel on Monday affirmed a lower court's dismissal of a class action brought against Reddit over users' posting and circulating child pornography on its platform. "We conclude, based on the law as written by Congress, that civil plaintiffs seeking to overcome ...Child pornography is illegal in most countries, but there is substantial variation in definitions, categories, penalties, and interpretations of laws. Differences include the definition of "child" under the laws, which can vary with the age of sexual consent; the definition of "child pornography" itself, for example on the basis of medium or degree of reality; and which actions are criminal (e ...(2) Child Pornography. — The unlawful or prohibited acts defined and punishable by Republic Act No. 9775 or the Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009, committed through a computer system: Provided, That the penalty to be imposed shall be (1) one degree higher than that provided for in Republic Act No. 9775. (3) Unsolicited Commercial Communications.According to the International Justice Mission (IJM), the number of rescue and arrest operations related to the cybersex trade in the Philippines went up from 17 in 2015 to 51 in the first nine ...Feb 9, 2018 · The Philippines was also behind Singapore’s 0.22%, Malaysia’s 0.08%, and Thailand’s 0.05%. On the very top of the global spectrum is Israel – which spends 0.35% of its GDP on cybersecurity. Pornography has become a primary source of sexual education. At the same time, mainstream commercial pornography has coalesced around a relatively homogenous script involving violence and female degradation. ... Appendix A Letter to the Respondents Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Legacy of Wisdom Academy of Dasmariñas ...Pornography use can shape sexual practices and is associated with unsafe sexual health practices such as not using condoms and unsafe anal and vaginal sex. Pornography may strengthen attitudes supportive of sexual violence and violence against women. The best approach for parents, caregivers and teachers responding to children's exposure to ...Ronalyn V. Olea May 30, 2009 pornography in the Philippines, sex videos. By NOEL SALES BARCELONA ... Because pornography and prostitution are illegal in the Philippines, the sex industry thrives in the underground or black market. Porn has recorded a net profit of $1 billion in 2006; experts predict profits to go higher in the years to come. ...Jun 3, 2016 · “The Philippines is said to be the top source of ‘child pornography’ globally,” she says. “The passage of an Anti-Child Pornography Law and creation of the Office of Cybercrime gave impetus to the campaign against online child sexual abuse. We have extradition treaties with at least 13 countries and work closely with Interpol.” 3 October 2023 UN Affairs. Continuing violence against women and girls is one of the most widespread, persistent and devastating human rights violations, a UN …Pornography nowadays is inevitable, due to the accessibility, availability, affordability and of course the anonymous nature of accessing it (Kastleman,2007). Lately, pornography creates various problems to our children and youth who have a big curiosity about it. Literature found that pornography can lead to behaviour addiction.Pornography is illegal in the predominantly Catholic country; Makati Mayor Abigail Binay told The Philippine Star she launched an investigation into who is responsible for playing the lewd video.The 2014 List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor reported 13 goods produced exclusively by child labor in the Philippines. These included 8 agricultural goods (namely sugarcane, bananas, coconuts, corn, hogs, rice, rubber, and tobacco). Gold mining, pornography and pyrotechnics complete the list. Philippine legislation on child laborOne of most surprising and saddest news I heard last week is the rampant child pornography in our country, The Philippines. According to the Philippine National Police Report, The Philippines is among the Top 10 countries producing pornographic materials out of children.The report further said that The Philippines is a primary producer of child pornography and send the finish product to the ...It is a trade that thrives in the Philippines, where there are an estimated half-a-million sex workers, almost a fifth of whom are minors. Although illegal in the predominantly Catholic country ...The most viewed category of porn for Filipinos, meanwhile, was "Japanese." The same category was the most viewed category worldwide. Overall, the most searched term for the year worldwide was "hentai," having ranked in the top 10 of almost every country in 2021, and No. 1 in the US, Pornhub's biggest audience.Manila: The Philippines is the fourth largest source of child pornography in southeast Asia, a police report said, adding this should alarm Congress and make lawmaker pass a Bill to stop the ...The Philippines is a country of origin and, to a lesser extent, a destination and transit for sexually trafficked persons. Filipino citizens, primarily women and girls, ... Cybersex or online sex trafficking and victims being in pornography is a significant problem. Sex ...The Philippines is more punitive: ... Governments have long been collaborating in the fight against child pornography, for example. But nude adult selfies are a much harder sell. In the end ...19 мар. 2019 г. ... American Joel Aquino Pasay, seen in this photo released March 19, 2019, is in custody after hiding in the Philippines for nearly two years.Pornography and society: Excess viewing of pornography has been said to be associated with psychiatric comorbidities such as anxiety and depression, and even sexual dysfunction. Individuals with pornography addiction have lower degrees of social integration, increase in conduct problems, higher levels of delinquent behavior, higher incidence of depressive symptoms, and decreased emotional ...Anti-Child Pornography Act, 2009 (R.A. 9775). Act on-line Congress of the Philippines, House of Representatives, Philippines PDF (consulted on 2010-05-21) Defines and provides penalties for the crime of child pornography.17 февр. 2023 г. ... “These sexual exploitation and child pornography allegations are extremely disturbing and serious,” said U.S. Attorney Mark Totten. “My office ...MANILA, Philippines — The House of Representatives has approved on final reading the bill aiming to prohibit all forms of sexual abuse or exploitation of children. Having gotten 203 affirmative ...Exposure to Pornography: Psychological Effects among the Senior High Students in Southern De Oro Philippines College School Year 2019-2020 (PDF) Exposure to Pornography: Psychological Effects among the Senior High Students in Southern De Oro Philippines College School Year 2019-2020 | Gene Bactong - Academia.eduFilipinos spend longest time watching porn in 2021, says Pornhub | Inquirer News Nation Filipinos spend longest time watching porn in 2021, says Pornhub By: Gabriel Pabico Lalu - Reporter / @GabrielLaluINQ INQUIRER.net / 11:09 AM December 21, 2021in the Philippines, poverty and lack of education have been identifi ed as contributing factors to the sexual exploitation and abuse to children who are 5 to 14 years of age, be it online or offl ine. The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) is one of the lead agencies in protecting ...Child pornography (also called CP, child sexual abuse material, CSAM, child porn, or kiddie porn) is unlawful pornography in most jurisdictions that exploits minors for sexual stimulation. It may be produced with the direct involvement or sexual assault of a child (also known as child sexual abuse images) or it may be simulated child pornography.Abuse of the child occurs during the sexual acts ...In this concluding part, we explain key provisions that touch on cybersex, online child pornography, media freedom, and the right to privacy Open navigation Newsbreak RAPPLERIt is a trade that thrives in the Philippines, where there are an estimated half-a-million sex workers, almost a fifth of whom are minors. Although illegal in the predominantly Catholic country ...The Widening Gender Gap in Opposition to Pornography (October 2015) Neuroscience of Internet Pornography Addiction: A Review and Update (Behavioral Sciences, July 2015) Rates of sexual crimes against children in India have increased significantly over the last decade. Our results show that this increase is significantly correlated with an ...A Brisbane man charged with a string of offences in relation to sexually abusing children in the Philippines and online exploitation offences will spend at least four years behind bars.. John ...Pornography is an adjunct to the freedoms that the Internet has provided. It has allowed shy boys and girls to come of age; to be at peace with their fantasies behind closed doors; to exercise in ...
Sen. Panfilo "Ping" Lacson. MANILA, Philippines — The government has always been reactive rather than proactive or preventive when it comes to a potential porn addiction among Filipinos or .... Doggy style pose
They are also more likely to perceive other people's values and worth solely based on sex appeal. [5] Explicit sexual material, particularly pornography, impacts young people's well-being, sexual practices, attitudes, and social relationships. The exposure to explicit sexual content has been associated with poor self-esteem, devalued intimacy ...Watch Philippine Pornography porn videos for free, here on Pornhub.com. Discover the growing collection of high quality Most Relevant XXX movies and clips. No other sex …in the Philippines, poverty and lack of education have been identifi ed as contributing factors to the sexual exploitation and abuse to children who are 5 to 14 years of age, be it online or offl ine. The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) is one of the lead agencies in protecting ...Child pornography (also called CP, child sexual abuse material, CSAM, child porn, or kiddie porn) is unlawful pornography in most jurisdictions that exploits minors for sexual stimulation. It may be produced with the direct involvement or sexual assault of a child (also known as child sexual abuse images) or it may be simulated child pornography.Abuse of the child occurs during the sexual acts ...Jan 8, 2022 · Cao’s current research on the online gay amateur pornography in the Philippines is one of first academic undertakings on the topic. He previously collaborated with researchers in the Philippines on the topics of digital media literacy in economically depressed areas and on social media use of cultural minorities. Breaking news on current events, the latest on President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. and other movers and shakers, photos, videos, podcasts and features on latest developments in the Philippines.Watch Best Filipino Porn porn videos for free, here on Pornhub.com. Discover the growing collection of high quality Most Relevant XXX movies and clips. No other sex tube is more popular and features more Best Filipino Porn scenes than Pornhub! Browse through our impressive selection of porn videos in HD quality on any device you own."The Philippines is said to be the top source of 'child pornography' globally," she says. "The passage of an Anti-Child Pornography Law and creation of the Office of Cybercrime gave impetus to the campaign against online child sexual abuse. We have extradition treaties with at least 13 countries and work closely with Interpol."The Philippines has become the world's largest known source of online child sexual exploitation, with endemic poverty helping drive a surge in abuse, a report said Thursday. Parents and relatives ...The pornography industry is the fastest growing industry. It is estimated to be worth approximately $60 billion in the year 2007. The U.S. is the world leader in the pornography industry. It spends $12 billion on porn followed by Australia, which generates $1.5 billion revenue from porn sites.World's Most Porn Watching Countries List. When it comes to traffic worldwide, India came in third place with 9 minutes and thirty seconds of average time spent, one up from where it was in 2014. The USA and UK still occupy first and second place respectively. Cuba, even with its restrictions on the internet, rang in an average time spent of 5 ...The National Defense Act of 1935, which created the Armed Forces of the Philippines. RA 386 August 30, 1950 Civil Code of the Philippines: RA 1425: June 12, 1956 The Rizal Act, which mandates the inclusion of courses on José Rizal in the curricula of all educational institutions in the Philippines. RA 1700 June 20, 1957 Anti-Subversion Act of 1957THE PHILIPPINES' recent "cyber-fame" has proven that not all publicity is good publicity after all. The country has been declared one of the top 10 countries where cyberpornography is prevalent. ... A police investigation revealed that Cebu is among the top four sites for online pornography, along with Angeles City, Cagayan de Oro and ...19 апр. 2017 г. ... Filipino kids as young as 5 or 6 years old are abused over the internet. It happens due to the failure of the Philippine government and internet ...ECPAT PHILIPPINES envisions a world where children enjoy a life of human dignity and a safe environment where they can exercise their rights to the fullest. ... An example is the Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009, which requires considerable resources to provide assistance and support to child victims, and train law enforcement personnel. ...Pornhub.COM is a pornographic video sharing website and the largest pornography site on the Internet. [5] [6] Pornhub was launched in Montreal in 2007. [7] Pornhub also has offices and servers in San Francisco, Houston, New Orleans and London . The website allows visitors to watch pornographic videos from a number of categories, including ...Philippines|8 Philippines|9 The Philippines is an archipelago in southeast Asia comprising 7,107 islands. With an estimated population of 94.349 million people, the Philippines are one of the most populous countries in the world.1 About 39% of the population are children.2 According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), HumanPROSTITUTION IN THE PHILIPPINES. Even though it is widely practiced, prostitution is illegal in the Philippines. There is an organized movement to make prostitution a legal activity in the Philippines. ... including engaging in child pornography, extortion and using technologies to commit fraud. It was not immediately clear whether all 58 ...11 min Shimmy Cash - 196.9k Views -. 111 filipino videos found on XVIDEOS. 1080p 25 min. Whorish Filipino Teen Gets Knocked Up On Camera. 1080p 33 min. AsianSexDiary Tight Filipina Pussy Filled Up With Thick Cock N Creamy Cum Bubbles.Pornography is illegal in the predominantly Catholic country; Makati Mayor Abigail Binay told The Philippine Star she launched an investigation into who is responsible for playing the lewd video.Violence against women in the Philippines includes different forms of gender-based violence.The term "violence against women" is "the word or concept (that) has been used in a broad, inclusive manner to encompass verbal abuse, intimidation, physical harassment, homicide, sexual assault, and rape (of women in particular)."This form of violence is gender-biased. Violence occurs precisely because ....